Endangered Species

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Controversies Surrounding Endangered Species: 

Controversies Surrounding Endangered Species By: Sarah Zebrowski Jenny Ahn Jenny Macho & Stacy Na

Do Habitat Conservation Plans protect endangered species? : 

Do Habitat Conservation Plans protect endangered species? The number of threatened and endangered species in the United States is increasing monthly and critical habitat is constantly being destroyed. The number of newly listed threatened and endangered species greatly outweighs the number recovered from threatened extinction. Applying the HCP- Habitat Conservation Plan- of the Endangered Species Act, these animals will have hope fore the future.

American Peregrine Falcon: 

American Peregrine Falcon By the late 1960s, research had begun to show that pesticides like DDT caused physiological changes in peregrine falcons and other species of animals that fed high on the food chain. Researchers found that high DDT concentrations caused a peregrine’s liver to change the production of an enzyme essential to maintaining levels of the female sex hormone, estrogen.

Anti : Endangered Species Act 1973: 

Anti : Endangered Species Act 1973 The motives behind the Endangered Species Act are not for the animals but rather for the humans. We only protect animals that are beneficial to us or animals that we like. Nowhere does the act state that a species should be preserved for intrinsic values and its right to exist in the world.

Bald Eagle: 

Bald Eagle People opposed to the Endangered Species Act claim that the only reason we protect the Bald Eagle is to save America’s pride because it is our nation’s symbol.

The Endangered Species Act of 1973: 

The Endangered Species Act of 1973

The Endangered Species Act of 1973: 

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 The 1973 Endangered Species Act provided for the conservation of ecosystems which threatened and endangered species of fish, wildlife, and plants through Federal action and by encouraging the establishment of State programs.

The Endangered Species Act…: 

The Endangered Species Act… authorizes the determination and listing of species as endangered and threatened, prohibits unauthorized taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered species, provides authority to acquire land for the conservation of listed species, using land and water conservation funds,

….continued: 

….continued authorizes establishment of cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to States that establish and maintain active and adequate programs for endangered and threatened wildlife and plants, authorizes the assessment of civil and criminal penalties for violating the Act or regulations; and, authorizes the payment of rewards to anyone furnishing information leading to arrest and conviction for any violation of the Act or any regulation issued there under.

Problems With The ESA: 

Problems With The ESA The ESA has been an extremely successful legislation, but one that conservationists have challenged.  It has been argued that the Act needs to narrow its focus, based on the fact that their proposed protection efforts require eight times the amount of money in the budget. 

…continued: 

…continued The Act has also been criticized for its timing. Because the most severely troubled species are aided first, the less critical species become more and more threatened until they are on the brink of extinction. The ESA long remains a legislation that is applauded, but one that is challenged for improvements as well.

Exceptions, Penalties, and Rewards: 

Exceptions, Penalties, and Rewards Exceptions: Permits may be granted for scientific or propagation purposes or for economic hardship situations involving endangered or threatened species. Penalties: Violators of the Endangered Species Act are subject to fines of up to $100,000 and one year's imprisonment. Organizations found in violation may be fined up to $200,000. Fish, wildlife, plants, and vehicles and equipment used in violations may be subject to forfeiture. Rewards: Individuals providing information leading to a civil penalty or criminal conviction may be eligible for cash rewards.

The Ethics of Preserving Wild Species: One Viewpoint: 

The Ethics of Preserving Wild Species: One Viewpoint Every species has instrinstic values that does not relate to its usefulness to humans. Humans have an ethical responsibility to protect species from extinction due to human activities.

Varying Viewpoints: 

Varying Viewpoints

Varying Viewpoints: Who Gets To Live?: 

Varying Viewpoints: Who Gets To Live? People’s lifestyles and cultures can impact the way they feel about and the way they treat certain species. For example, vegetarians are opposed to the killing of animals as well as some religions who respect and worship certain animal. People in general have no problem killing ants or spiders, but at the same time are opposed to the killing of deer and other wild species.

Varying Viewpoints: The Extinction Crisis, Yes & No: 

Varying Viewpoints: The Extinction Crisis, Yes & No YES: The loss of 1 million speices over several decades means there is a crisis. Assumed global decline of .5% in species per year = 25,000 lost per year.

Varying Viewpoints: The Extinction Crisis, Yes & No: 

Varying Viewpoints: The Extinction Crisis, Yes & No NO: Humans are unaware of how many species there are. Difficult to observe species extinction, especially for ones we know little about.

Endangered & Threatened Species: The Facts: 

Endangered & Threatened Species: The Facts Three Levels of Extinction: Local extinction- when a species is no longer found in an area it one lived in but can still be found in other places in the world. Ecological Extinction- when there are so few members of a species left that it can no longer fill its niche in the areas its found in. Biological extinction- when a species is no longer found anywhere in the world

….facts continued: 

….facts continued An endangered species has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct. A threatened species is still abundant in its natural range but it’s declining in numbers and lis likely to become endangered.

Rhinoceroses & Their Horns: 

Rhinoceroses & Their Horns About 2,400 Black Rhinos are left in the world today. People of the Middle East still hung and kill this animal for horns. Horns are carved into dagger handles and sell for $500-12,000. Horns are also used as medicines to reduce fevers in Asia. All 5 Species are threatened because of poachers and loss of habitat.

Get Rich Quick With End. Species: 

Get Rich Quick With End. Species Endangered Species Gyrfalcon Bighorn Sheephead 3 oz. Bear gallbladder (used in Asia for medicine). Saguaro Cactus Peregrine Falcon Polar Bear Grizzly Bear Bald Eagle What it Sells For $120,000 $10,000 - $60,000 $22,000 $5,000 - $15,000 $10,000 $6,000 $5,000 $2,500

TOP 10 ENDANGERED SPECIES: 

TOP 10 ENDANGERED SPECIES

NUMBER 10: Northern Spotted Owl, app. 6,000: 

NUMBER 10: Northern Spotted Owl, app. 6,000 The conservation of this animal, which lives in northern California, the Pacific Northwest of the US and in southern parts of B.C., Canada, is often the source of heated debates. Because it dwells in old forests, environmentalists plead for logging bans while workers argue for their jobs. These birds live in pairs and there are less than 6,000 left on the planet. Because they're nocturnal, they're rarely ever seen. Their favorite meals include northern flying squirrels, birds, mice, and other small rodents.

NUMBER 9: African Wild Dog app. 3,000-5,500: 

NUMBER 9: African Wild Dog app. 3,000-5,500 The African wild dog is the largest endangered predator on the continent of Africa. Urbanization is a threat to them as are human persecution and contact with domesticated animals, which transmit diseases like rabies and distemper.

NUMBER 8: Komodo dragon - app. 4,000-5,000: 

NUMBER 8: Komodo dragon - app. 4,000-5,000 The Komodo dragon, also called "ora," is the largest lizard in the world, measuring up to 10 feet and weighing up to 300 pounds. Living on the Indonesian islands, they are at the top of the food chain. They are fast, clever, and have been known to eat humans. Their saliva is poisonous and they even gobble the bones. The growing human population is making their habitat shrink. There might be between 4,000 and 5,000 dragons left, but the tragedy is that there are only 350 breeding females.

NUMBER 7: Giant panda - app. 1,000 : 

NUMBER 7: Giant panda - app. 1,000 Everyone is familiar with this beautiful black and white bear-like animal. They occasionally eat meat but they feast mostly on leaves and bamboo. The majority of the pandas can be found in central and western China. Luckily, the Chinese government has established a number of reserves for them. Not only are they poached for their coats, they are also threatened by the disappearance of their habitat as industrialization and development destroy their homelands.

NUMBER 6: Kagu - app. 500-1,000 : 

NUMBER 6: Kagu - app. 500-1,000 This bird doesn't fly but runs across the forests of the South Pacific island of New Caledonia where it resides. They used to be hard to track down, being only visible at night, but the creation of a reserve has made things easier. European settlers brought with them pets such as cats and dogs, and these animals almost spelled the end for them, as they had no predators before. There are between 500 and 1,000 kagus left.

NUMBER 5: Siberian tiger - app. 700: 

NUMBER 5: Siberian tiger - app. 700 The largest of all tigers, the Siberian (or Amur) tiger lives mainly in the coniferous forests of eastern Russia. Males weigh almost twice as much as females at about 650 pounds. Its orange coat is paler than other tigers' and its stripes are brown instead of black. Poaching has drastically reduced their number to less than 700 and nearly half of them (490) are in captivity.

NUMBER 4: Mountain gorilla - app. 600 : 

NUMBER 4: Mountain gorilla - app. 600 The Mountain gorilla lives in the mountainous forests of central Africa, and the majority can be found in Uganda's Bwindi National Park. Poachers are a great threat, killing a number each year while trying to capture the young ones. But these criminals don't seem to be deterred by the fact that no gorilla has ever survived in captivity. There are about 600 specimens left on earth.

NUMBER 3: Whooping crane - app. 250: 

NUMBER 3: Whooping crane - app. 250 Named for its unusual trumpeting call, this bird can stand up to five feet tall with a wingspan that can measure up to eight feet. The rather large North American population was decimated by European exploration and settling in the last few centuries. The remaining wild population of about 140 migrate from northern Alberta down to Texas every winter. Successful preservation initiated in 1937 has seen their number grow from 15 to just over 250.

NUMBER 2: California condor - 208: 

NUMBER 2: California condor - 208 The largest flying bird in North America, its wingspan can spread up to 9.5 feet and is located in Southern California. It eats other animals but it doesn't kill; it waits to find carcasses to feed on. There are 208 specimens left in the world, 76 of which are in the wild.

AND THE MOST ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE WORLD IS...: 

AND THE MOST ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE WORLD IS...

NUMBER 1: The Javan rhinoceros - app. 70: 

NUMBER 1: The Javan rhinoceros - app. 70 Slightly smaller than the Great Indian Rhinoceros, this variety of rhinos, which lives in Southeast Asia, is the rarest large animal in the world. Forty years ago, there were less than 30 left, but now conservation efforts have seen their number grow to about 70. Most of these vegetarian beasts are located in the Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia.

CLONING: WHAT & HOW?: 

CLONING: WHAT & HOW?

How Are Animals Cloned?: 

How Are Animals Cloned? Cloning an organism can be achieved by taking a somatic cell (any 'normal' body cell other than a sex cell) of the animal to be cloned, and removing its nucleus. Then an egg cell of another animal (the same or related species) to be the donor has its nucleus removed, creating an 'empty' egg cell (called an oocyte). The nucleus of the animal to be cloned is placed in the oocyte, the nucleus is fused with the 'empty' egg with an electric shock the electricity prompting the cell to begin dividing, the egg's maternal factors 'reprogramming' the cell to become an embryo cell; they are then chemically activated and cultivated. Any successful embryos which grow are then transplanted into surrogate mothers which will hopefully fall pregnant and deliver the clone normally to term. . Currently, at each stage of the process, the success rate is very small.

First Clone Introduced To The World: 

First Clone Introduced To The World The first successful cloning of an endangered animal to late-stage fetal development was reported in October 2000. The animal cloned was a guar and cow eggs were used.  In late November, a domestic cow named Bessie was due to give birth to a baby gaur bull, which the company planned to name "Noah."  Cloning techniques may become instrumental in rescuing endangered species - and possibly reversing extinctions that have already occurred.

Bessie, the pregnant cow whom carried the baby guar.: 

Bessie, the pregnant cow whom carried the baby guar.

An adult guar which was conceived from a cow.: 

An adult guar which was conceived from a cow.

First baby guar, Noah: 

First baby guar, Noah

Is Cloning Ethical? Some Say Yes: 

Is Cloning Ethical? Some Say Yes 1)Better engineering of offspring 2) could offer a way of curing diseases 3) Could literally save the lives of endangered species 4) it is most likely the fault of the humans that the animal is endangered in the first place, so we should be the ones to help them 5) can supplement breeding procedures that are not working very well

Is Cloning Ethical? Some Say No: 

Is Cloning Ethical? Some Say No 1) Decline in genetic diversity 2) Inbreeding due to lack of diversity 3) Less immunities; one disease could kill entire population 4) Cloning the sheep Dolly, for example, took scientists 277 tries, and killed or injured many sheep in the process 5) can create genetically deformed animals 6) cost and procedure makes it impractical 7) animals endangered due to lack of habitat will still have no place to live

CAPTIVE BREEDING: 

CAPTIVE BREEDING PROS & CONS

Captive Breeding of Endangered Species: Pros : 

Captive Breeding of Endangered Species: Pros PRO: Captive breeding allows endangered species to reproduce in a safe, protected environment.  Captive breeding plays a significant role in conserving species.

Captive Breeding of Endangered Species: Cons: 

Captive Breeding of Endangered Species: Cons CONS: Although this removes the threats of living in the wild, it does not allow the animals to learn how to protect themselves or learn to find their own food.  Another point is that the animals habitat may change or be depleted while the animal is in captivity.

Reintroduction of Captivity-Bred Animals: 

Reintroduction of Captivity-Bred Animals Reintroduction should be the ultimate goal of every captive breeding program. Once a species in captivity reaches a self-sustaining population level then there are enough individuals to release back into an area in the wild that was part of the species' historical range. If the species cannot be released into their historical range they can be released into a suitable habitat.

What is CITES? : 

What is CITES? CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between Governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.  CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union).

What is TIP?: 

What is TIP? Turn In Poachers, TIP Inc., is a private, non-profit organization of conservationists concerned about poaching problems. TIP provides money as a reward for people who report poachers.

The Gray Wolf Vs. Ranchers: 

The Gray Wolf Vs. Ranchers Between 1850 and 1900, 2 million wolves were shot, trapped, and poisoned by ranchers, hungers, and governmental employees. The idea was to make the West and Great Plains safe for lifestock. The Gray Wolf is now an endangered species in the lower 48 states (except Minnesota).

The Controversy: Wolf & Man: 

The Controversy: Wolf & Man Efforts to return the Gray Wolf to its former habitat in the Yellowstone National Park area to ensure safety and hopes to bring it out of endangered status has been vigorously opposed by ranchers, hunters, miners, and loggers. But wolves were reintroduced beginning in 1995.

The First Steps That Helped Endangered Animals: 

The First Steps That Helped Endangered Animals The first national Wildlife Refuge was established off of the coast of Florida in 1903 to protect the Brown Pelican from overhunting and loss of habitat. In the 1960’s this species was again threatened with extinction when exposure to DDT and other persisten pesticides in the fish ate caused reproductive failures.

ESSP (Endangered Species Protection Program) & NPS (National Park Service): 

ESSP (Endangered Species Protection Program) & NPS (National Park Service)

What is ESPP?: 

What is ESPP? the ESPP is the Endangered Species Protection Program.  It is largely voluntary at the present time and relies on cooperation between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), EPA Regions, States, and pesticide users. There are two main goals of the ESPP: 1) To provide the best protection for endangered species from the use of pesticides. 2) To minimize the impact of our program on pesticide users.

How the ESPP Protects Threatened and Endangered Species: 

How the ESPP Protects Threatened and Endangered Species - they use sound science to assess the risk of pesticide use to listed species. - they attempt to find means to avoid concerns for listed species. - they encourage individual States to develop their own plans by whatever approach they determine is best for them as long as the approach meets the goals of protecting endangered species while minimizing the impact on pesticide users.

How the ESPP Protects Pesticide Users : 

How the ESPP Protects Pesticide Users - by using the minimum limitations that will protect the species - by recommending that States provide us with alternative, but protective, use limitations that are appropriate for their location and situation - by recommending alternative pesticides - by working with USDA to inform users about wetlands reserve and conservation reserve programs to offset impacts by offering compensation for land taken out of production

Controversy of ESSP: 

Controversy of ESSP The Endangered Species Protection Program is a perfect example of a controversial issue surrounding endangered species.  Although this agency helps the species, they are alos trying to find ways to bend laws so that pesticide users will still be able to continue the use of pesticides.

What is NPS?: 

What is NPS? The NPS is the national park service.  They are an organization that was created to protect our national parks, but they also help protect endangered species.  They help by preserving habitats.

Varying Viewpoints: Endangered Species and the Economy : 

Varying Viewpoints: Endangered Species and the Economy Money: Some people feel that endangered species are protected without consideration of economis impact. Environment: Others feel that the protection of endangered and threatened species is important enough to make the sacrifice of spending money.

SUMMARY: 

SUMMARY The main controversies surrounding endangered species are differences of opinion regarding hunting, poaching, which animals are protected, laws about pesticides, the sale of animal parts, and acts created to protect endangered and threatened species.

How Can I Help?: 

How Can I Help? There are many ways people can help to save endangered species. Looking on the internet is a great way to start. There are hundreds of organizations that are always looking for more volunteers. Anything you can do to help save endangered and threatened species will make a difference.

THE END: 

THE END