Chapter15Personality1

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Personality: 

Personality A person’s general style of interacting with the world People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place

Personality: 

Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Post-Freudian Theories Personality

Psychoanalytic Approach: 

Psychoanalytic Approach Developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

Psychoanalytic Approach: 

Psychoanalytic Approach

Psychoanalytic Approach: 

Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious - all things we are aware of at any given moment

Psychoanalytic Approach: 

Psychoanalytic Approach Preconscious - everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness

Psychoanalytic Approach: 

Psychoanalytic Approach Unconscious - inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind: 

Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind Id - instinctual drives present at birth does not distinguish between reality and fantasy operates according to the pleasure principle Ego - develops out of the id in infancy understands reality and logic mediator between id and superego Superego internalization of society’s moral standards responsible for guilt

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

Psychosexual Stages: 

Psychosexual Stages Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it way achieved in these stages

Oral Stage (birth - 1 year): 

Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood

Anal Stage (1 - 3 years): 

Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood

Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years): 

Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals Oedipus or Electra complex can occur Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females

Latency Stage (5 - puberty): 

Latency Stage (5 - puberty) Sexuality is repressed Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships

Genital Stage (puberty on): 

Genital Stage (puberty on) Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages

Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories: 

Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories Karen Horney’s focus on security Object relations theories Alfred Adler’s individual psychology Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development Carl Jung’s collective unconscious