Chapter One printable

Chapter One : 

Chapter One Unit One A brief History of Medicine

Brief History : 

Brief History Ancient times were filled with infectious diseases and epidemics. Due to a large part because of overcrowding , filth and the natural presences of micro organisms. 80% of primitive being died of either hunting accidents or violence . Initially there was little risk of widespread diseases because primitive individuals lived alone. But as people began settling into communities conditions contributed to infectious diseases and epidemics

Brief History: 

Brief History Because ancient people did not understand microorganism of the function of the human body , many thought the disease were brought on by evil spirit. Furthermore many thought disease were some sort of punishments for disobedience. Treatments involved rituals to drive out the demons. One such procedure was called trephining . This involved cutting a hole in a patients skull to treat migraines , epilepsy or insanity. Later was use to treat head injuries . Surprising many lived and has several years of survival.

Brief History: 

Brief History As early as 3000 B.C. people had developed a level of medial practices. Egyptians priest were physicians that had studied medicine and surgery in temple school . Many times when the physicians failed to drive out the devil sprits , repellents were concocted. Many of theses were made from the excrement of lions, panthers, gazelle and ostrich. Insects alive or crushed were swallowed along with the backbones of ravens and fat from the black snakes In addition to the “black magic” that was used medical plants were used and are still used today

Brief History: 

Brief History Egyptians believed that blood flowed in the body like a canals like those constructed along the Nile for irrigation. When the arties became clogged like the canals , leeches were used to open the clogged arties.

Brief History: 

Brief History In the early 1300 two of the most greatest diseases was present; Leprosy and Bubonic Plague. By 1352 all of Europe, Greenland and Russia were infected. The plague was blamed on a corrupt atmosphere: foul orders from Jupiter infection from decomposing bodies of a plague of locust and the most favored by the people the Wrath of God. Finally The Jews were blamed . Before the plague subsided it is estimated that 30% of the total European population died.

Brief History: 

Brief History In the beginning of the 17th century the practice of medicine was divided into three guilds - The physicians Had a university degree. Preferred teaching and debating the theories of diseases rather than deal with patients - The surgeons Only a few held university degree .Divided into two classes Surgeons of the long Robe Barber Surgeons used their razors for opening wounds as well as barbering - The apothecaries Were tradesman that treated people with drugs that they made

Modern Medical Pioneers: 

Modern Medical Pioneers Edward Jenner ( 1749 – 1823 ) Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 1688-1736) Rene Laennec ( 1781-1823) Dr. Phillipe Pinel ( 1755- 1826) Dr W.T.G. Morton ( 1819- 1868 ) Dr James Simpson ( 1811 – 1870)

Modern Medical Pioneers: 

Modern Medical Pioneers Louis Pasteur ( 1822- 1895) Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Wilhelm von Roentgen ( 1845-1923) Dr. Elias Metchnikoff ( 1845-1916) Frederick Banting ( 1891-1941) Gerhard Domagk ( 1895-1964) Sir Alex Fleming ( 1895 – 1964 )

Modern Medical Pioneers: 

Modern Medical Pioneers In 1940’s surgeons began looking for ways to transfer tissue from one person to another - 1940 heart surgery was performed to repair defects - 1960 surgeons successfully placed artificial heart values , plastic arties and pacemakers in the heart - 1954 kidneys were transplanted - December 3,1967 Dr Christine Bernard perform the first heart transplant surgery

The Impact of Government on Health Care : 

The Impact of Government on Health Care Hill Burton Act – - provided for the construction and improvements of hospitals. The big cities renovated exciting buildings, trauma centers and out patients . Rural areas were provided with regional health centers. Professional began to manage hospitals Public Health Service and Food and Drug Administration - the two became one in 1953 . The government was an influence in the growth of medicine through funding and the development of this organization. National Cancer Institution and old Hygenic lab - congress passed acts that led to the creation of the National Institutes of Heath

Health Programs : 

Health Programs In 1965 two heath programs were enacted - Established these programs in effective and comprehensive federal health care program. - Medicare for the aged - Medicaid for the poor

Women in Medicine : 

Women in Medicine Troula Platerius ( 1100 A.D.) Elizabeth Anderson ( 1836 – 1917) Clara Barton ( 1821- 1912) Elizabeth Blackwell ( 1821-1910) Florence Nightingale ( 1820-1910) Dr. Aletta Jacobs ( 1854-1929) Marie Curie ( 1867-1934) Elsie L’esperance(1878? – 1959)

Women in Medicine: 

Women in Medicine Gerty Theresa Cori ( 1896-1957) Dorothy Anderson ( 1901-1963) Grace Goldsmith ( 1904-1975) Dorothy Hodgkin ( 1910-

Allied Health Care Professionals : 

Allied Health Care Professionals Admissions Clerk - obtains a brief history and other important information from patients when they are admitted Certified Ophthalmic Technician - valuable members they are medical assistants . Additional training and certification id required to perform ophthalmic tests and procedures for patients CNA Certified Nurse Assistant - provides basic nursing and patient care to those in nursing homes and retirement homes under the super vision of the registered or license nurse

Allied Health Care Professionals: 

Allied Health Care Professionals Chiropractor - is highly trained and skilled in the mechanical manipulation of the spinal column CMA Certified Medical Assistant - has graduated from a Commission on Accreditation of Allied Education Program approved medical assistant program and successfully passed the certification examination of rhe American Association of Medical Assistants Cytologist - is a laboratory technician who specializes in the study of the formation structure and function of cells

Allied Health Care Professionals: 

Allied Health Care Professionals Dental Assistant - helps the dentist in the performance of generalized tasks including chair side assistance clerical work, reception and some radiography and dental laboratory work . Dental Hygienist - has special training to provide dental services under the supervision of the dentist . Electrocardiogram Technician - are skilled in performing electrocardiograms. Emergency Medical Technician - rare and trained and responsibly for the administration of specialized emergency care and the transportation to a medical facility of all victims of acute care or injury

Allied Health Care Professionals: 

Allied Health Care Professionals Histologist - is a medical scientist who specializes in the microscopic identification of cells and tissues Laboratory Technician - under the supervision of a pathologist or other physician or medical scientist performs specialized chemical microscopic and bacteriologic test of blood tissue and bodily fluids Multi skilled Health Care Assistants - offers a variety of skills in the area of patient care

Nurses : 

Nurses Nurse Midwife - is professional registered nurse who has extensive training and experience of labor and delivery Nurse Practitioner - registered nurse who usually holds a master degree and has expert knowledge in a special branch of practice Registered Nurse - is a professional nurse who has completed a course of study as a state approved school od nursing and has passes the National Council Licensure Examination . They are licensed by individual states . Licensed Practical Nurse - are trained in basic nursing techniques and direct patient care .

Other Health Care : 

Other Health Care Nutritionist - supplies and studies the principles of the study of food and drink as related to the growth and maintenance of living organism Dietetic - has specialized training in the nutritional care of a groups and individuals and has successfully completed an examinations and maintains continuing education requirements of the Commission on Dietetic Registration

Other Health Care: 

Other Health Care Paramedic - acts as assistants to physicians or in the place of a physician . Trained in emergency medical procedures and supportive health care tasks. Pharmacists - is a specialist that formulates and dispenses medication. Licensed by the individual states to practice pharmacy. Phlebotomist - referred to as accessioning technicians because they are extensively trained in the art of drawing blood for diagnostic laboratory testing Podiatrist/Chiropodist - are trained to diagnosis and treat diseases and disorders of the feet

Medical Practice Specialties: 

Medical Practice Specialties Anesthesiology - administering anesthetic agents before surgery Hematology - diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues . Endocrinology - diagnosing and treating and malfunction of the glands of the internal section . Nephrology - diagnosing and treating diseases of the kidney

Medical Practice Specialties: 

Medical Practice Specialties Occupational Medicine - diagnosing and the treating of diseases or condition arising from occupational circumstances such as gas , dust and chemical Pathology - analysis if tissue samples to confirm diagnosis Psychiatry - diagnosing and treating pronounced manifestations of emotional problems or mental illness that may have organic causative factors Psychology - Evaluating and treating emotional problems

Subspecialty / Special Interest: 

Subspecialty / Special Interest Acupuncture Aerospace Medicine - extend their practice of medicine to the effects of the environment in space on people Hypertension Hypnosis Rheumatology - treat inflammatory disorders of the connective tissues and related structures

A Note regarding Doctors : 

A Note regarding Doctors Doctor of Chiropractic ( DC) Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD) Doctor of Dental Surgery ( DDS) Doctor of Medicine ( MD) Doctor Of Optometry ( OD) Doctor Of Osteopathy ( DO ) Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD) Doctor of Podiatric Medicine ( DPM )