logging in or signing up US History 202-071 (Chapter 19) ProfVeiga2009 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 105 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: February 21, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript The City and Its Workers : The City and Its Workers An Introduction The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City By 1900 the number of cities with more than 100,000 residents had risen to 38. (Compared to 18 in 1870) New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had more than 1,000,000 residents. What accounted for this dramatic surge in population growth? The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Many ex-farmers went to the city looking for jobs and adventure. Millions of immigrants also came to the United States for various reasons. Low steamship rates & railroad transportation allowed people to move. The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Where did the immigrants come from? Before 1880, the majority came from northern and western Europe. After 1880, the majority came from southern and eastern Europe. A depressed economy & overpopulation motivated the Italians to come to US. The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Overpopulation, industrialization, and religious persecutions contributed to migration of eastern European Jews. Polish came to the US in search of economic opportunity to escape political repression. The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Agents of steamship companies used pamphlets & posters to promote the US. 2/3 of the immigrants were too poor to buy land in the West. Settled in cities where there was a high demand for cheap, unskilled labor. Ethnic Tensions : Ethnic Tensions Immigrants formed ethnic communities. Immigrants slowly became acclimated to American culture. They also held on to values and behaviors from their countries. Immigrants came to view themselves as hyphenated Americans. Ethnic Tensions : Ethnic Tensions Assimilation took place over a lifetime or over generations. Old stock Americans (native born Americans) thought assimilation too slow. Nativism – old stock values superior than recent immigrant values. Feared dominance of immigrant values. Ethnic Tensions : Ethnic Tensions Social Darwinism- whites at the top. “Whites” not Italians or Polish. Mechanization replaced skilled workers. Eastern & southern Europeans. (Unskilled labor & strike breakers) Elites & labor leaders tried to limit immigration. Belief in anarchism also heightened tensions. Social Geography of the City : Social Geography of the City Mass transit transformed the city. Cities grew: Chicago went from 17 square miles in 1860 to 178 square miles in 1890. Wealthy & middle class urban residents used mass transit to get to suburbs. Wealthy & middle class could enjoy parks, libraries, etc. Social Geography of the City : Social Geography of the City The poor could not afford to ride streetcars. Lived in over-crowded tenements located within walking distance of their work. Jacob Riis exposed all this in his book How the Other Half Lives. Social Geography of the City : Social Geography of the City The elite flaunted their wealth. Vanderbilt family hosted a costume party that cost more than $250,000. The wealthiest 1% owned more than half of the real and personal property in US. Plutocracy (society ruled by rich) The Social Geography of the City : The Social Geography of the City Middle Class feared that excesses of wealthy heightened class antagonism. Jane Addams & settlement houses. Cooking & sewing classes, public baths, childcare facilities, English instruction, etc. Settlement house workers tried to persuade the wealthy to fight poverty. The Social Geography of the City : The Social Geography of the City Settlement house workers pushed for education, improved public health & sanitation, and honest government. Minimize the gap between the urban economic classes. Progress made over time. Building the Cities and City Government : Building the Cities and City Government Private enterprise, not planners, built the cities. With the rise of cities came the need for public facilities, transportation, and other services. Corruption was not uncommon. Building the Cities and City Government : Building the Cities and City Government Local politicians offered franchises (government contracts) William Marcy Tweed gave contracts. Tweed Ring: systematically plundered $200 million dollars from New York City. Reformers were unpopular. Building the Cities and City Governments : Building the Cities and City Governments How machine politicians obtain support from the people? Made friends in saloons. Provided a bucket of coal to the poor. Gave a basket of food on Thanksgiving. Spent tax money on various charities. Expected votes in return. Building the Cities and City Governments : Building the Cities and City Governments City bosses didn’t “rule” with an iron fist. They attained power by keeping competing interest groups happy. Wealthy businessmen, street peddlers, saloon keepers, etc. bought influence. Mutual corruption. Diverse Workers : Diverse Workers Common labor: backbone of labor force. Built the cities with picks and shovels. Came from recent immigrant groups. Skilled craftsmen in industry & manufacturing. Earned good wages, but work seasonal. Struggled to feed families, especially in bad economic times. Diverse Workers : Diverse Workers The average male earned $500 per year. But you needed $600 a year to survive. Working-class women & children worked. Unmarried women worked in textile mills. Women and children also worked in the garment industry. (Paid by the piece) Women paid less than men. Diverse Workers : Diverse Workers Race & ethnicity contributed to women’s work patterns. White married women rarely labored for wages outside the home. (Only 5%-10%) But took on boarders and/or sewed or did laundry for neighbors. Married Italian women did piecework. Black women married, or unmarried, had to work (Often as domestics) Diverse Workforce : Diverse Workforce Boys worked as bootblacks & newsboys. Many were orphans. At one point, children made up 18% of industrial labor force. Children’s Aid Society expected children to pay their way through. Diverse Workforce : Diverse Workforce Business expansion and consolidation increased need for managers. Some skilled workers moved into the managerial class. Managers, with high school diplomas, directed companies. Senior executives had college diplomas. Diverse Workforce : Diverse Workforce Businesses needed exact records and a coherent system of correspondence. Typewriters & cash registers transformed business. Educated women became secretaries. Women also worked in department stores. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Machinery replaced skilled workers with unskilled ones. Workers reduced to machine tending. Speedup: work faster for same pay. Efficiency experts found ways to reduce motions. (Increased power of managers) 10 or 12 hours of work led to exhaustion. Workers died or were injured on the job. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Great Labor Strike of 1877 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company cut wages 10% while making a 10% profit. West Virginian brakemen went on strike. Their actions sparked a nationwide strike. Call in Federal troops who reopened the railroads. (Strike had lasted 3 weeks) Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Workers learned that collective action worked and decided to join unions. Knights of Labor- organized workers regardless of skill, sex, race, or nationality. Political action to accomplish goals. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Called for public ownership of railroads, telephone, and telegraph systems. Favored cooperative production. Long-term political & economic change. American Federation of Labor (AFL) Led by Samuel Gompers. Less concerned with broad reform goals for all workers. (Don’t delve into politics) Labor Takes A Stand : Labor Takes A Stand Focused on organizing skilled workers. Used strikes to gain higher pay and better working conditions. At first, Gompers made little progress. Haymarket Riot changed all that. Labor Takes a Stand. : Labor Takes a Stand. Unionists met in Chicago on May 1,1886 to support 8 hour workday. 2 days later, a scuffle ensued at the McCormick Harvester Works. Anarchists organized rally at Haymarket Square. Someone threw a bomb at the police and triggered the riot. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Nation turned against workers and associate unionism with anarchism. Broad reform of the Knights of Labor suffered and 8 hour workday lost support. Skilled workers turn to the AFL. Unskilled workers did not benefit. The Working Class & Entertainment : The Working Class & Entertainment Why an 8 hour workday? Workers desired time to pursue interests. Had to fight for the right of free time. How did people enjoy their free time? Amusement parks, baseball parks, dance halls. These were the “cheap” amusements of the city. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
US History 202-071 (Chapter 19) ProfVeiga2009 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 105 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: February 21, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript The City and Its Workers : The City and Its Workers An Introduction The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City By 1900 the number of cities with more than 100,000 residents had risen to 38. (Compared to 18 in 1870) New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had more than 1,000,000 residents. What accounted for this dramatic surge in population growth? The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Many ex-farmers went to the city looking for jobs and adventure. Millions of immigrants also came to the United States for various reasons. Low steamship rates & railroad transportation allowed people to move. The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Where did the immigrants come from? Before 1880, the majority came from northern and western Europe. After 1880, the majority came from southern and eastern Europe. A depressed economy & overpopulation motivated the Italians to come to US. The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Overpopulation, industrialization, and religious persecutions contributed to migration of eastern European Jews. Polish came to the US in search of economic opportunity to escape political repression. The Rise of the City : The Rise of the City Agents of steamship companies used pamphlets & posters to promote the US. 2/3 of the immigrants were too poor to buy land in the West. Settled in cities where there was a high demand for cheap, unskilled labor. Ethnic Tensions : Ethnic Tensions Immigrants formed ethnic communities. Immigrants slowly became acclimated to American culture. They also held on to values and behaviors from their countries. Immigrants came to view themselves as hyphenated Americans. Ethnic Tensions : Ethnic Tensions Assimilation took place over a lifetime or over generations. Old stock Americans (native born Americans) thought assimilation too slow. Nativism – old stock values superior than recent immigrant values. Feared dominance of immigrant values. Ethnic Tensions : Ethnic Tensions Social Darwinism- whites at the top. “Whites” not Italians or Polish. Mechanization replaced skilled workers. Eastern & southern Europeans. (Unskilled labor & strike breakers) Elites & labor leaders tried to limit immigration. Belief in anarchism also heightened tensions. Social Geography of the City : Social Geography of the City Mass transit transformed the city. Cities grew: Chicago went from 17 square miles in 1860 to 178 square miles in 1890. Wealthy & middle class urban residents used mass transit to get to suburbs. Wealthy & middle class could enjoy parks, libraries, etc. Social Geography of the City : Social Geography of the City The poor could not afford to ride streetcars. Lived in over-crowded tenements located within walking distance of their work. Jacob Riis exposed all this in his book How the Other Half Lives. Social Geography of the City : Social Geography of the City The elite flaunted their wealth. Vanderbilt family hosted a costume party that cost more than $250,000. The wealthiest 1% owned more than half of the real and personal property in US. Plutocracy (society ruled by rich) The Social Geography of the City : The Social Geography of the City Middle Class feared that excesses of wealthy heightened class antagonism. Jane Addams & settlement houses. Cooking & sewing classes, public baths, childcare facilities, English instruction, etc. Settlement house workers tried to persuade the wealthy to fight poverty. The Social Geography of the City : The Social Geography of the City Settlement house workers pushed for education, improved public health & sanitation, and honest government. Minimize the gap between the urban economic classes. Progress made over time. Building the Cities and City Government : Building the Cities and City Government Private enterprise, not planners, built the cities. With the rise of cities came the need for public facilities, transportation, and other services. Corruption was not uncommon. Building the Cities and City Government : Building the Cities and City Government Local politicians offered franchises (government contracts) William Marcy Tweed gave contracts. Tweed Ring: systematically plundered $200 million dollars from New York City. Reformers were unpopular. Building the Cities and City Governments : Building the Cities and City Governments How machine politicians obtain support from the people? Made friends in saloons. Provided a bucket of coal to the poor. Gave a basket of food on Thanksgiving. Spent tax money on various charities. Expected votes in return. Building the Cities and City Governments : Building the Cities and City Governments City bosses didn’t “rule” with an iron fist. They attained power by keeping competing interest groups happy. Wealthy businessmen, street peddlers, saloon keepers, etc. bought influence. Mutual corruption. Diverse Workers : Diverse Workers Common labor: backbone of labor force. Built the cities with picks and shovels. Came from recent immigrant groups. Skilled craftsmen in industry & manufacturing. Earned good wages, but work seasonal. Struggled to feed families, especially in bad economic times. Diverse Workers : Diverse Workers The average male earned $500 per year. But you needed $600 a year to survive. Working-class women & children worked. Unmarried women worked in textile mills. Women and children also worked in the garment industry. (Paid by the piece) Women paid less than men. Diverse Workers : Diverse Workers Race & ethnicity contributed to women’s work patterns. White married women rarely labored for wages outside the home. (Only 5%-10%) But took on boarders and/or sewed or did laundry for neighbors. Married Italian women did piecework. Black women married, or unmarried, had to work (Often as domestics) Diverse Workforce : Diverse Workforce Boys worked as bootblacks & newsboys. Many were orphans. At one point, children made up 18% of industrial labor force. Children’s Aid Society expected children to pay their way through. Diverse Workforce : Diverse Workforce Business expansion and consolidation increased need for managers. Some skilled workers moved into the managerial class. Managers, with high school diplomas, directed companies. Senior executives had college diplomas. Diverse Workforce : Diverse Workforce Businesses needed exact records and a coherent system of correspondence. Typewriters & cash registers transformed business. Educated women became secretaries. Women also worked in department stores. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Machinery replaced skilled workers with unskilled ones. Workers reduced to machine tending. Speedup: work faster for same pay. Efficiency experts found ways to reduce motions. (Increased power of managers) 10 or 12 hours of work led to exhaustion. Workers died or were injured on the job. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Great Labor Strike of 1877 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company cut wages 10% while making a 10% profit. West Virginian brakemen went on strike. Their actions sparked a nationwide strike. Call in Federal troops who reopened the railroads. (Strike had lasted 3 weeks) Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Workers learned that collective action worked and decided to join unions. Knights of Labor- organized workers regardless of skill, sex, race, or nationality. Political action to accomplish goals. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Called for public ownership of railroads, telephone, and telegraph systems. Favored cooperative production. Long-term political & economic change. American Federation of Labor (AFL) Led by Samuel Gompers. Less concerned with broad reform goals for all workers. (Don’t delve into politics) Labor Takes A Stand : Labor Takes A Stand Focused on organizing skilled workers. Used strikes to gain higher pay and better working conditions. At first, Gompers made little progress. Haymarket Riot changed all that. Labor Takes a Stand. : Labor Takes a Stand. Unionists met in Chicago on May 1,1886 to support 8 hour workday. 2 days later, a scuffle ensued at the McCormick Harvester Works. Anarchists organized rally at Haymarket Square. Someone threw a bomb at the police and triggered the riot. Labor Takes a Stand : Labor Takes a Stand Nation turned against workers and associate unionism with anarchism. Broad reform of the Knights of Labor suffered and 8 hour workday lost support. Skilled workers turn to the AFL. Unskilled workers did not benefit. The Working Class & Entertainment : The Working Class & Entertainment Why an 8 hour workday? Workers desired time to pursue interests. Had to fight for the right of free time. How did people enjoy their free time? Amusement parks, baseball parks, dance halls. These were the “cheap” amusements of the city.