ResAwelfareI

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CURRENT ISSUES IN HUMAN/ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

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ANIMALS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

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What is “Research?”

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Is it this?

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This?

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This?

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This?

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RESEARCH DEFINED: Any attempt to find an answer to a previously unanswered question.

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First recorded use of live animals done by ERASISTRATUS in Alexandria, about 2,300 ya.

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GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research.

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GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research. > Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.

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GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research. > Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood. > “Founder” of Experimental Physiology

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GALEN (2,200 ya) > First scientist of note to do animal research. > Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood. > “Founder” of Experimental Physiology > Dissection of cadavers illegal, used dead apes and pigs.

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After fall of Rome, dissection discouraged, rarely used until Renaissance. ~ Argued better to deduce how the body works than examine or experiment (mind over body.) ~ Society discouraged discovery and inquiry.

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SOME RESEARCH BEGAN IN 1500 - 1600’s: Vesalius studied monkeys, pigs, goats Harvey studied circulation of live deer Descartes (17th century) began tradition that animals incapable of feeling pain.

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MAGENDIE French, Early 1800’s One of first to argue medicine should be derived from an understanding of physiology.

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Experimentation as method of learning was very controversial: > Treatments at time based on anecdotes. > Treatments often caused tremendous suffering. > Suffering of others considered recreation.

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Magendie argued must understand how the body works before suggesting treatment.

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Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body?

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Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body? > Isolated section of dog’s intestine still attached only by artery & vein.

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Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body? > Isolated section of dog’s intestine so attached only by artery & vein. > Injected poison into intestine, observed dog reacting to poison.

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Magendie argued must understand how the body works. Example of his Experiments: > How substances absorbed by body? > Isolated section of dog’s intestine so attached only by artery & vein. > Injected poison into intestine, observed dog reacted to poison. > First to understand that materials are absorbed through blood vessel walls.

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Public outcry over his cruelty: “. . .experiments without number or mercy, prosecuted with cruelty and indifference.” Sir Charles Bell

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“Question is not can they reason… but can they suffer?” Bentham 1789

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Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering ---

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Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering --- > First child labor laws

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Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering --- > First child labor laws > First social concern about human suffering of all classes

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Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering --- > First child labor laws > First social concern about human suffering of all classes > Shift away from suffering as entertainment (bear baiting, public hangings.)

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Issue of animals in research has always been controversial.

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Historically, have been 1) Concerns about validity, both from scientists and the public.

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Historically, have been 1) Concerns about validity, both from scientists and the public. 2) Concerns about welfare, both from scientists and the public.

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Concern about welfare and importance of using animals in Biomedical Research have increased (compared to the 1950’s through the 1980’s).

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DEMOGRAPHICS: 1 2 3 4 5 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Millions of animals in captive research in England (Rowan 1984) WWII

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POLIOMYELITIS Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s.

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POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON ANIMALS > Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s. > 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease.

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POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON ANIMALS > Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s. > 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease. > Paralyzed and killed thousands, only treatment months in an “iron lung.”

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> Rhesus monkeys can contract polio. Monkeys readily available in India.

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> Rhesus monkeys can contract polio. Monkeys readily available in India. > In 1952, 32,000 rhesus imported from India. Tremendous popular support for research.

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1955 “..Safe, effective vaccine..” POLIO Jonas Salk

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In 1955, India banned importation of rhesus. Thousands died when shipped over. Reports of tremendous suffering (military experiments).

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> Massive protests reversed ban.

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> Massive protests reversed ban. > 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.

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> Massive protests reversed ban. > 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus. > India banned again in 1978, based on reports of numerous violations.

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> Massive protests reversed ban. > 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus. > India banned again in 1978, based on reports of numerous violations. > Public extremely supportive in late 40’s, 50’s and early 60’s.

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> State laws passed that forced shelters to send unclaimed animals to laboratories.

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> State laws passed that forced shelters to send unclaimed animals to laboratories. > In 1965-66, public outcry began. Christine Stevens founded Animal Welfare Institute

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Life Magazine Article “Pepper” seen in photo of dogs being unloaded from truck for use in lab. Public outcry laws reversed in many states (including WI) that sent dogs to labs from shelters.

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PURPOSE BRED vs. RANDOM SOURCE?

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PURPOSE BRED RANDOM SOURCE ~ Habituated to Lab ~ Laboratory foreign ~ Prevents theft/suffering ~ Encourages theft of pets ~ Genetics unknown ~ Know genetics ~ Possible health risks ~ Control health ~ Would stop surrenders ~ Expensive ~ Much cheaper ~ Don’t represent population ~ More varied genetics - > genetics represent ‘normal’ > physiology ~ Going to die anyway > chronically stressed

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IN 1940’s, 50’s, public highly supportive of biomedical research on animals - little public opposition Since mid 1960’s (and “Pepper case”) has been an upswing in public opinion concerned with animal welfare. Opinion swayed by historic case…..

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Dr. Edward Taub Institute for Behavioral Research Silver Springs, Maryland “Silver Springs Monkey Case” September 1981

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Taub’s Research: De-afferented limb study Goal: Help people with spinal cord injuries regain use of their limbs Research: Sever neural connections from spinal cord, force subjects to use limbs and look for re-growth of neural tissue.

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16 crab eating macaques 1 rhesus macaque

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If no neurological feedback, monkeys self mutilate. How handle wounds? If bandage, makes worse. If leave open, can become infected…

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AL PACHECO ( Future founder of PETA in U.S.) ~ “Volunteered” for the summer ~ Taub out of the country ~ Appalled by conditions ~ Kept silent about them until raid in September of 1981.

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Taub charged with cruelty to animals. (this photo set up by Pacheco)

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OUTCOME: Taub charged with 17 counts of animal cruelty. After 2 trials and 7 years, Taub cleared of all charges, lost job and grants, not allowed to do live animal research.

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OUTCOME: PETA became largest animal rights/welfare group in US, budget over 10 million in 90’s. (ALF spin off, continues raids)

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And the monkeys? Lived up to 10 years after raid. Groups battled over ownership and care - PETA fought against euthanasia. DID have significant effect on welfare of animals in biomedical research……

Animal Welfare Act: 

Animal Welfare Act First written in 1965 by U.S. Congress Amended many times - most recent 1997