EcoloEnergy

Slide2: 

Everyone Benefits As a general benefit to society, load-shifting supports a culture of conservation and demand management by providing tangible cost savings and by relieving peaking stress on existing infrastructure. Residential Development Retail and Commercial Rural Communities

Specific Customer Benefits of Load-Shifting: 

Energy cost savings from the ability to choose when to buy power Extra power available in high-demand periods Reduced risk of brown-outs and blackouts Specific Customer Benefits of Load-Shifting

Actual Suburban Power Profile of a10 MVA Distribution Substation: 

Actual Suburban Power Profile of a 10 MVA Distribution Substation System works hard Peaks Troughs System ‘idles’

Smoothing 1-Hour Peak of 2.3MWh: 

Smoothing 1-Hour Peak of 2.3MWh Released Energy ~ 2.3MWh Stored Energy ~ 2.3MWh

Load-Shifting Approximately 12MWh: 

Load-Shifting Approximately 12MWh Released Energy ~ 12MWh Stored Energy ~ 12MWh Smoothed Peak

Load-Shifting Approximately 33MWhTo Create Flat 7MW Profile: 

Load-Shifting Approximately 33MWh To Create Flat 7MW Profile Released Energy ~ 33MWh Stored Energy ~ 33MWh Demand smoothed to 7MW

Slide9: 

ZEBRA Batteries are at the heart of the project, a long-life, zero-maintenance and highly reliable sodium nickel chloride technology Zero Emission Battery Research Activity ZEBRA Batteries are a fraction of the size and weight of lead-acid batteries

Battery Comparison: 

Battery Comparison Lithium - widely used in small commercial applications - potential for larger applications but no commercial proof yet - light weight, high charge density Sodium Sulphur - used for energy storage, however, very long charge and discharge times of 7 hours each way - dramatic failure modes if failures occur Nickel Metal Hydride - high power capability, low energy capability - works well in Prius and Escape but only for short accelerations

Battery Comparison (continued): 

Battery Comparison (continued) Lead-Acid - low cost modules, but lead is hazardous - performs well for short periods in good ambient conditions Nickel Cadmium - better power and energy density than lead-acid - highly toxic material (cadmium) Sodium Nickel Chloride (ZEBRA) - high power and energy content - rapid charge and discharge times (1 hour) - no hazardous materials, easily recyclable - benign failure mode

Battery Comparison (continued): 

Battery Comparison (continued) Flow Batteries - low volumetric energy density (approx 1/10 of ZEBRA) - like a small chemical plant with pumps and tanks of electrolytes - temperature sensitive Super Capacitors - sound promising but no commercial availability yet Fuel Cells & Hydrogen Storage - much higher cost per kWh - lack of hydrogen infrastructure - whole-cycle efficiency of approximately 12 to 18%

Slide13: 

Battery Pricing $8,000 $300 $700 $1,000 $6,000 $3,000 Battery Pricing in $/kWh ZEBRA High-volume Target Sears Diehard – Lead-acid Valence Lithium NiMH Toyota Prius replacement Sony Lithium for Camera 1995 – notebook battery NiCad 2007 ZEBRA Low-volume Lithium Cell Phone replacement commodity mid volume automotive commodity commodity Prototype low volume, proven commodity

Slide14: 

Battery Ambient Temperature Tolerance ZEBRA Robustness -40oC +50oC +30oC 0oC -20oC Lead-acid NiMH Lithium ZEBRA

Slide15: 

Originally developed for vehicular applications – rapid charge/discharge capability Sodium Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl) electrochemistry Operates internally at 280oC Insensitive to ambient conditions High voltage (620Vdc) Long life – 5 to 10 years No internal corrosion mechanisms High energy and power density Low-resistance cell failure mode – battery continues to operate! ZEBRA Battery Sodium Nickel Chloride

Slide16: 

Inside a ZEBRA Battery 240 x 2.58V square cells Stainless steel outer shell Stainless steel inner shell Insulation board and vacuum

Slide17: 

Recycling ZEBRA Recycling: No hazardous materials in ZEBRA batteries Nickel (used for stainless steel) Salt and ceramic form slag which is used in road bed construction Nothing goes to landfill Collection points in Europe and USA (Pittsburg)

EcoloEnergy Project: 

EcoloEnergy Project Design, review, construction, testing, installation and commissioning occurred between January and August of 2006. ESA final approval obtained in August 2006. Project went live in late August 2006.

Efficiency Results: 

Efficiency Results