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The Age of the Legion: 

The Age of the Legion By 265 BC the city state of Rome dominated Italy and was prepared to dominate the Mediterranean world Phalanx could not manuever or keep formation Legion was 6000 men divided into self contained “handfuls” maniples

Early Roman Military Organization: 

Early Roman Military Organization First Line – Hastati – large shield (scutum) 2’6” wide x 4’ long wood and iron Sword (gladius) 2 javelins (pila) Helmet and breast plate Second Line – Principes – same except long spear (hastae) Third Line Triarii - Veteran Reserves - same except long spear (hastae) Velites – Youths Sword/Spear and Target (parma) 3’ in diameter

Republican Legion: 

Republican Legion Each legion was divided into 10-heavy infantry cohorts. Each cohort had 3-maniples of 200 men (2-centuries). Each cohort had its own commander and mission. Each unit had a commander to whom the subordinates where responsible.

CannaeAugust 216 B.C.: 

Cannae August 216 B.C.

Map of Area: 

Map of Area

Post Third Punic War Reorganization: 

Post Third Punic War Reorganization Rich Avoided Service Voluntary enlistment replaced compulsory about 104 B.C. Even slaves, criminals, and aliens could serve Enlistments only for 16 years Soldiers swore loyalty to General, not Rome Triarii, Principes and Hostati abolished in favor of “Light” and “Heavy” troops

Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization: 

Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization Julius Caesar Age 40, set out to learn “art of war” 61 - 60 B.C. - procunsul of Spain, suppressed barbarian uprisings 60 B.C. - formed 1st Triumvirate W/Pompey and Crassus 58 B.C. - Triumvirate appointed Caesar procunsul of Gaul By 51 B.C. - expanded Roman power in Gaul, quelled all revolts

Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization: 

Post Third Punic War Legion Reorganization Caesar’s Legion Preceded by a Vanguard of cavalry and heavy foot Increased engineers, artillery and cavalry Main body plus baggage in center Rear guard disposed for immediate action Light infantry flank guards Quick firing engine, bombardments of projectiles Each Cohort had a catapult and every century had a carroballista

Rise of Julius Caesar: 

Rise of Julius Caesar The civil War Crassus was killed in battle - 53 B.C. Battle of Carrhae – worst defeat since Cannae Pompey, jealous of Caesar, had Senate pass law taking away Caesar’s political & Military power in March of 49 B.C. Caesar then “Crossed the Rubicon” in Dec of 50 or Jan of 49 B.C. Act of War (By law needed senate consent to cross Rubicon (Italy north border) w/forces) Caesar had previously only fought barbarians, now he would fight Roman legions

Rise of Julius Caesar: 

Rise of Julius Caesar Popular sympathy was with Caesar Pompey & Senate fled to Epitus (West coast of modern Greece) Caesar was in Rome in less than two months, master of all Italy It took Caesar 5 years to defeat Pompey and his supporters

Ilerda Campaign: 

Ilerda Campaign Caesar – land dominance Pompey – naval dominance Caesar between Spain and Italy Interior lines Caesar turned against Spain and Pompey fled to Greece Pompey’s General’s fortified their camp Supplies/bridge and foraging Caesar build fort but it was washed away Finally built a bridge and took the offense

Rise of Julius Caesar: 

Rise of Julius Caesar Ilerda Campaign Initially two unsuccessful frontal assaults on Ilerda Followed by harassment, marches, countermarches, cutting off supplies Forces enemy into weak defensive position, then refused battle Pursued and harassed enemy continually cutting off supplies Again refused battle

Battle map: 

Battle map

Rise of Julius Caesar: 

Rise of Julius Caesar Ilerda Campaign Made rapid countermarch to cut off enemy from retreat into Ebro defiles Another rapid countermarch cuts off faltering enemy from obtaining water at Sigoris Cuts off foes from their last resort of regaining the fortified camp at Ilerda

Rise of Julius Caesar: 

Rise of Julius Caesar Ilerda Campaign Gained unconditional surrender Gained respect by sparing Romans from slaughter and for his expert generalship Offered 70,000 prisoners liberty and safe escort to Rome if they immediately enlisted in his ranks Ruled Rome for 11 days, resigned and sent out after Pompey.

Rise of Julius Caesar: 

Rise of Julius Caesar Caesar assassinated 15 march, 44 B.C. Realist with profound common sense Lightning like decisions Brain and soul of his army Concern for the Soldiers Disciplined and relaxed when needed Boldness Understood both political and military

The Aftermath of the Assassination: 

The Aftermath of the Assassination Anthony against the State of Rome. Octavianus-Octavian Started to build armies against each other Octavian wanted Brutus and Cassius dead then Anthony. Marched on Rome and became Counsel Prosecution of assassins of Caeser Went to side with Anthony Triumvirate: Anthony Gaul; Octavian Sicily, Sardinia and Africa, Lepidus Spain Cassius and Brutus active in Syria/Macedonia

Slide23: 

Octavian and Anthony Brutus Cassius Beri Ketli Mt. Dionysus Phillipi Zygactes River N. Aegaen Sea

Battle Map: 

Battle Map

Pax Romana: 

Pax Romana The period from Caesar Augustus (27 B.C.) to the battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.) The Empire Internally Pacified Secure Frontiers

Decay of Rome (external dangers & Internal riot): 

Decay of Rome (external dangers & Internal riot) Riot accelerated by decline in farming The small farms Free peasants were forced to become coloni Proved insufficient, barbarians invited to work Exhaustion of the soil Lack of Agriculture More People drifted into the cities Unemployment

Decline of the Army: 

Decline of the Army Professional politicians Reduced discipline and training Increasing lack of confidence between commander and troops Sending units from one portion of the frontier to reinforce units engaged elsewhere

Adrianople 378: 

Adrianople 378 The Visigoths Originally friendly to the empire The local Roman officials allowed the Visigoths to retain their weapons in return for certain “favors” For over a year the Roman officials abused the Goths The Emperor Valens against Fridigern

Battle Map: 

Battle Map

The Importance of the Campaign: 

The Importance of the Campaign Collapse of Rome in 410 A revolution in tactics Cavalry was now the chief arm Light Infantry would prepare and support the attack by their fire Heavy infantry Base for defense Offense - ready reserve

Byzantium: 

Byzantium

MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND PHILOSPHY (CONT): 

MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND PHILOSPHY (CONT) WARFARE WAS CAREFULLY STUDIED AND ANALYZED THE CATAPHRACT (DISCIPLINED HEAVY CALVARY) SYMBOLIZED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE THE SAME WAY THE LEGION REPRESTED ROME WELL TRAINED AND DRILLED GREAT EMPHASIS ON ARCHERY MARKSMANSHIP AND CONSTANT PRACTICE IN THE USE OF WEAPONS SCARCE RESOURCES FOR WAR CREATED AN EMPHASIS ON GOOD GENERALSHIP

Byzantine System: 

Byzantine System Variety of weapons and sound tactics enabled Byzantine system to be successful for years. Codified tactics and strategy into doctrine. Preferred winning without a battle Conservative, careful strategy with limited military aims. Defense in depth

Byzantine System: 

Byzantine System Defense in Depth Early Warning Cavalry tracked raiders Kept HHQ informed Harassing the raiders Cities closed their gates Reinforcements were used Ambush or trap the raiders with Cavalry and destroy with infantry

JUSTINIAN: 

JUSTINIAN RULED FROM 527-565 A.D. EGO-HEIR TO THE CEASERS AND CHURCH HEAD SUPPRESSED THE ARIAN HERESY Denies that Christ is one substance with the Father His wars took on the character of crusades, lead the heathen peoples into the Christian fold. UNDERTOOK THE RECONQUEST OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Successful in Africa and Italy Excellent weaponry, mobility and shock of his horse archers Brilliant leadership of Belisarius and Narses

POST JUSTINIAN BYZANTIUM: 

POST JUSTINIAN BYZANTIUM 565- JUSTINIAN’S DEATH Thought of reconquering the West was set aside Threatened on the lower Danube by the Avars, Slavs and on the upper Euphrates by the Persians Shuttling of armies from one front to another

Maurice Reforms: 

Maurice Reforms Navy Strong, control the Byzantine trading centers and sea routes 5 permanent fleets Ships were small, fast galleys with two banks of oars, two masts and two sails Oarsman were trained to fight Each vessel has a small group of Marines Larger ships had revolving turrets and mounted war engines Bow tubes with greek fire (mixture of naptha, sulphur and quicklime) Cibyrrhaeots theme provided half the forces

MAURICE (582-602 A.D.): 

MAURICE (582-602 A.D.) SELECTED AS HEIR TO THE THRONE STRATEGIKON AUTHOR Handbook for Field Commanders Weapons Armor Daily life on the march or in camp Clothing Food Military law Tactics

MILITARY REFORMS UNDER MAURICE: 

MILITARY REFORMS UNDER MAURICE SIX TO EIGHT NUMERI WERE GROUPED INTO THE EQUIVALENT OF A BRIGADE THREE SUCH BRIGADES FORMED A SMALL DIVISION OF 6,000-8,000 USE OF UNEQUAL NUMBERS SO ENEMY COULD NOT CALCULATE THE NUMBERS OF THE WHOLE ARMY PLEDGED OBEDIENCE TO THE REALM HE APPOINTED ALL OFFICERS ABOVE THE RANK OF CENTURIAN (NUMERUS) THIS TOOK AWAY THE POWER OF PARTRONAGE FROM THE GENERALS

Maurice Reforms: 

Maurice Reforms Cut the size of the standing army Deployed it as a central reserve and units for the frontier provinces Added to the frontier fortresses Divided the empire for purposes of recruiting and defenses into military provinces known as themes.

Maurice Reforms: 

Maurice Reforms Army Cavalry was the main arm Carried a bow, long lance, boradsword, dagger and sometimes as ax. Armor; conical helmet, chain mail gloves, gauntlets, small round shield on left arm, steel shoes and some horses had armor on their heads. Training: charging cavalry shooting arrows and follow it up with the lance.

Maurice Reforms: 

Maurice Reforms Army Numeri of the cavalry formed lines of 8-10 horsemen in depth. Infantry was a secondary arm and divided into heavy and light Heavy – much like the cavalry Light – mostly archers, some javelin. Carried little armor for better mobility Highly disciplined. Records of night attacks

Maurice Reforms: 

Maurice Reforms Army Engineers Medical – Doctor, surgeon and stretcher bearers Signal service Messengers Signal flares Chaplains – priests or monks Officer were trained early in life

The Decline of the Empire7th Century: 

The Decline of the Empire 7th Century In the East were the Persians, eager to gain control of the trade routes Byzantines responded with limited counterforce On the Northern Frontier were the Slavs Byzatines responded with a strategy of annihilation. The Slavs were temporarily halted A long war with Persia Depopulated their most dependable recruiting grounds

Islamic Invaders7th and 8th Centuries: 

Islamic Invaders 7th and 8th Centuries 11 Moslem invasions in 65 years Aftica, Syria and 1/2 of Turkey lost by 800 A.D. 717 and 718 Defense of Constantinople against a Moslem siege save Christian Europe from Moslem invasion

Battle of Manzikert, 1071: 

Battle of Manzikert, 1071

Battle of Manzikert, 1071: 

Battle of Manzikert, 1071 Cost the empire Asia Minor, recruiting area for the army and much wealth. Turks, steppe light cavalry, archers. One spare horse Move all over the battle field and avoid close combat To counter: Foot bowman near the cavalry Never let the army disperse

Ok the Stirrup: 

Ok the Stirrup 5th or 6th century from China Franks after the battle of Tours Early 8th Century in Western Europe Use his full force of the lance Stand up and gain height Poorer riders could perform well Crucial development in warfare

Constantinople Falls1453 A. D.: 

Constantinople Falls 1453 A. D. Mohammed II v Constantine XI 80,000 vs. 8,000 Mohammed also had 100 heavy cannons The Artillery Bombardment Began on 2 April 29 May Capture

Summary of Warfare to Date: 

Summary of Warfare to Date Development of the sophistication of the art of war. Tactical systems result from adaptations in: Geographical, political, economic and technical Rarely effect the genius of one man Hannibal Alexander Caesar

Land Warfare Tactics: 

Land Warfare Tactics Try to achieve strength against weakness Typically a more powerful weapon system Javelin throwing light infantry against heavy infantry Normally had to rely on moving against the flank or the rear of the enemy than having a better weapon Heavy infantry was too heavy to do that Very hard to communicate the maneuver Alexander mastered sophisticated tactics, strategy and logistics was unable to articulate or communicate well enough to function as an overall commander. Just dimly saw the importance of the use of the reserve to exploit an enemy weakness or to counter a strength

Land Warfare Tactics: 

Land Warfare Tactics Cavalry was weak in shock action but fast moving and could make rapid flank movements. Cost was higher than infantry Better mobility decided most battles! Caesar defeated Calvary by bringing his 4th line up (Heavy Infantry) at the right time and place at the battle of Pharsalus. (Superior weapon system)

Land Warfare Strategy: 

Land Warfare Strategy Same concept as tactics. Pit your strength against his weakness. Win with least amount of effort Center of gravity versus critical vulnerability Logistical Strategy and Combat strategy Caesar preferred the logistical strategy “conquering the enemy by hunger than by steel Battle of Issus: Alexander against Darius Logistical strategy of hunger to force Darius out of his positions. Latter he used a combat strategy on terrain that was less favorable to Persian Cavalry

Land Warfare Strategy: 

Land Warfare Strategy Military strategy was the servant of political objective. Parthians versus Rome Their choice: Logistical Strategy by depriving them of food and water or combat strategy of virtual annihilation of the Roman army. Politically combat strategy was better. Political factors also give significance to military success. Sentiments of the people in lack of organized government.

Tactics: Offense v Defense: 

Tactics: Offense v Defense If you have the same weapons, which is better? Topographically strong position, entrenchments Strategic Defense v Tactical Defense Caesar Ilerda Campaign When to go on the Offense? Interior lines/Exterior lines Nero and Hasdrubal in Italy Avoiding battle

Again Politics and Tactics/Strategy: 

Again Politics and Tactics/Strategy Military success compared to Political Goal Size of the force compared to the political goal After a victory could you continue on to occupy Defensive Strategy and avoiding battle would not work against a persistent Leader who could command political support in the invaded land and goal was territorial occupation. Defense with good political backing can work. Rome against Hannibal. Hannibal driven to “raiding”

Defense and Politics: 

Defense and Politics Persistent Defensive Strategy Resist without battle but do not have the required fortifications. Raiding. Hit isolated detachments Hit supplies Hit weaknesses Hit supply convoys Hit foragers Logistics and well as combat strategy

Defense and Politics: 

Defense and Politics Raiding Offensive was more powerful than a persisting strategy if you did not have all the tools for a persisting defensive strategy. Hit and run

Strategy: 

Strategy Alexander v Darius: Persisting Combat Strategy Vercingetorix v Alexander: Defensive logistics strategy

Naval Warfare: 

Naval Warfare Shock Action Boarding Parties with spear, sword and shield Bows, javelins would proceed this action Shock action between the ships Ramming (under the water line) and sinking the other ship Military ships different from Merchant ships Narrow, light ships with oarsmen vice sails. Faster 80 feet by 10 feet; 25 oars on each side No dependency on wind, but oars could maneuver and overtake other ships and ram them

Naval Warfare: 

Naval Warfare Ships would attack on line abreast Bow to Bow, Ram to Ram Skill of Capt and Oarsmen was critical Boarding parties settled the battle mostly Very similar to land battles Flanking movements, envelopments and reserve Greeks and Persians at Cape Artemesium 480 B. C. Greek reserve saved the day Latter Greeks rolled up the Persian Flank (Salamis)

Naval Warfare: 

Naval Warfare Ships like Cavalry Defense was not superior to Offense Logistics: Base of Supply Close to shore and forage (limited) Strategy: Control the sea and your commerce Blockades of weaker fleets Convoy troop transports Raids Marathon and the use of the sea Logistics to Land Warfare