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High Energy Astrophysics : High Energy Astrophysics Dr. Gerald J. (Jerry) Fishman NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL USA July 4, 2002 - Detectors & Missions


High Energy Astrophysics : High Energy Astrophysics Usual Methods of Study: X-ray Astronomy Gamma-Ray Astronomy Cosmic Ray Astrophysics But Also: Radio, Optical, IR, … (And Two New Astronomies: Neutrino Astronomy Gravitational Astronomy )


Electromagnetic Spectrum / Temperature Scale : Electromagnetic Spectrum / Temperature Scale


Slide4 : V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936


Slide5 : Collimator Coded Aperture Grazing Incidence Mirror Nothing (Un-collimated) . . Aperture: CCD Proportional Counter Scintillation Detector . . . Detector: X-ray & Gamma-Ray “Telescopes”


Slide6 : High-Energy Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” : - Compton Telescope - Pair-tracking Telescope - Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope


High-Energy Photon Interactions- the Basis for all Detectors : High-Energy Photon Interactions - the Basis for all Detectors Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Pair Production


Photoelectric Interaction : Photoelectric Interaction Photon knocks out a bound electron, losing all of its energy to the electron CCDs, Proportional Counters, Scintillation Detectors, . .


Compton Scattering : Compton Scattering Photon scatters off of an electron, losing part of its energy to the electron and continues in another direction Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope


Pair Production : Pair Production A very high energy electron interacts with matter and produces an electron-positron pair (E=mc2) Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope


UHURU (SAS-1) First X-ray Astronomy Satellite 1970-1974 : UHURU (SAS-1) First X-ray Astronomy Satellite 1970-1974


Slide12 : HEAO Program: 1978 - 1982 High Energy Astronomy Observatory - Had Observational Support from AAVSO


Slide13 : The Great Observatories (4) : Hubble Space Telescope 1990 - ~2010 Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 1991 - 2000 Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1999 - ~2010 SIRTF (Space InfraRed Telescope Facility) 2003 - ~2006 High Energy Missions


X-Ray Astronomy  Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing) : X-Ray Astronomy Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing) ( - Primarily for sky surveys and timing studies) Timeframe Uhuru (SAS-1), ANS, Ariel-5, SAS-3, HEAO-A1, … 1970s EXOSAT, WATCH/GRANAT, … 1980s BeppoSAX, Rossi-XTE 1990s


Focusing X-Ray Optics : Focusing X-Ray Optics


Slide16 : Einstein (HEAO-2) Currently in Orbit & Operational: CHANDRA XMM-Newton Future: X-ray Astronomy (Focusing) XEUS Constellation-X


Constellation – X (Con-X) : Constellation – X (Con-X) Four identical satellites ~100x present sensitivity Launched singly or in pairs Extended truss in orbit


Constellation – X (Con-X) : Constellation – X (Con-X) Two Spacecraft in Atlas V Shroud


Slide20 : Constellation-X Sensitivity


XEUS : XEUS The Xeus Mirror Spacecraft:


XEUS : XEUS Two-Component S/C - flying in formation with Space Station


Slide23 : Gamma-Ray Astronomy – Future Developments Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET HETE-2 SWIFT INTEGRAL Future: GLAST EXIST - Distant Future ACT - Distant Future CGRO


SWIFT : SWIFT ~1000 GRBs studied over a three year period 0.3-2.5 arcsec positions for each GRB Multiwavelength observatory (gamma, X-ray, UV and optical) 20-70s reaction time Five times more sensitive than BATSE Spectroscopy from 0.2-150 keV Six colors covering 170-650nm Capability to directly measure redshift GRB Positions publicly distributed within seconds


SWIFT : SWIFT


Slide26 : The INTEGRAL Mission Scheduled for Launch: Oct. 2002 Two Major Instruments: IBIS & SPIE Energy Range: 15 keV to 20 MeV


Slide27 : The SPIE Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft Coded Aperture >> Coded Aperture >> Ge Detector Array >>


GLAST : GLAST


GLAST : GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pair-Tracker Section >> Scintillation Detector >>


GLAST : GLAST GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) Principal Investigator: Charles Meegan, MSFC No. Detectors: 14 NaI  (12)    5keV - 1 MeV BGO  (2)    150 keV - 30 MeV Un-collimated Scint. Detector Array


Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST) : Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST) Obscured AGNs GRBs out to z ~20-30 (~20X BATSE; ~5X Swift sensitivity) All-sky imaging (5’ resolution; ~5-50”position) every 95min


EXIST : EXIST Side View Detector-collimator & Telescope


Slide33 : EUSO – Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays Observed via optical emissions from above:


Slide35 : Neutrino Astronomy Large Amount of Material Needed to Interact with and Detect Neutrinos


Gravitational Wave Astronomy : Gravitational Wave Astronomy Space Ground LISA LIGO


Slide38 : LIGO


Slide39 : LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA - Baseline, 3 S/C LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA Mission


X-ray Astronomy in Japan : X-ray Astronomy in Japan Hakucho 1979-1985 Tenma 1983-1989 Ginga 1987-1991 ASCA 1993-2001


ASTRO-E2 : ASTRO-E2


The End : The End


Back-up slides : Back-up slides


Slide45 : Centaurus A


High Energy Astrophysics : High Energy Astrophysics - The study of objects and regions of space where the energy density is much greater than that of normal stars and galaxies Some Objects of HEA: Compact Objects* & Binary Systems Cosmic Rays Solar Flares AGNs GRBs, … * - BHs, Neutron stars, Strange stars


Slide47 : Gamma-Ray Astronomy - Evolution Balloon Flights – Continuous Development of Instrumentation, Techniques & Initial Observations Early, Small Spacecraft: Explorer-11, SAS-3, COS-B Later, Major Spacecraft: HEAO-1, HEAO-3, GRANAT/SIGMA Compton GRO Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET


Slide48 : The IBIS Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft


Future Japanese X-ray Mission – ASTRO-E2 : Future Japanese X-ray Mission – ASTRO-E2 Astro-E lost at launch, Feb. 2000 Astro-E2 Planned for Feb. 2005 ~170 Layers of Nested X-ray Mirrors 4.5-meter Focal Length Three Major Instruments: X-ray Spectrometer X-ray Imaging Spectrometer Hard X-ray Imaging Detectors