SpaceTEC® Certification Readiness Course : SpaceTEC® Certification Readiness Course Applied Mechanics
Introduction : Introduction Objective:
Provide basis for demonstrating a basic knowledge which will allow you to:
Interpret a basic drawing
Produce a layout/template
Fabricate a project
Applied Mechanics Topics : Applied Mechanics Topics Machine Shop Safety
Hand Tools
Non-Cutting
Cutting
Drill Presses, Twist Drills, Drilling Holes
Measurement
Hardware and Materials
Basic Calculations
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings
Objectives : Objectives Recognize safe and unsafe work practices in a shop
Identify and correct hazards in the shop area
Perform your job in a manner that is safe for you and other workers
Safety in the Shop : Safety in the Shop Must consider
Personal protection and grooming
Proper housekeeping
Safe work practices
Fire protection
Personal Protection and Grooming : Personal Protection and Grooming Always wear approved eye protection
Plain safety glasses with side shields
Plastic safety goggles
Face shields
Note: Lenses MUST be made of approved safety shatterproof glass !
Personal Protection and Grooming : Personal Protection and Grooming Never wear loose clothing
Remove wrist watches, rings and bracelets
Never wear gloves when operating machinery
Long hair must be protected by hair net or cap
No canvas or open-toes sandals
Housekeeping : Housekeeping Stop machine before cleaning it
Keep machine, floors and hand tools clean
Use brush and not cloth to remove chips
Never use compressed air to remove chips from machine
Safe Work Practices : Safe Work Practices Before operating any machine you must understand its mechanism and how to stop
Always stop machine before measuring, cleaning, or making any adjustments
Clamp all work securely in place prior to operation
Use proper wrench for job
Safe Work Practices : Safe Work Practices Pressured Lines
Flexible pressurized lines
Can Experience 5% to 8% growth
Relieve Stress on fluid or pneumatic lines
Bends in lines help take up surges
Accumulators also take up surges
Compressed air in the shop area
Check filters for moisture
Check operating pressure before using pneumatic tools
Safe Work Practices. : Safe Work Practices. Cutting, Forming, Drilling, Sanding
Always Wear eye protection/dust mask
Place work in a suitable holder:
Bench-mounted vise
Soft metal caps over steel jaws to protect work
When Cutting:
Keep hands, fingers away from cutting surfaces
When Drilling:
Back up materials
Don’t use your hands!
Always know what is behind
Keep work from spinning
Place clamp or table stop on right-hand side of work
Fire Protection : Fire Protection Always dispose of oily rags in proper metal containers
Know location and operation of every fire extinguisher
Know location of nearest fire exit from building
Know location of nearest fire-alarm box and its operating procedure
Hand Tools : Hand Tools Two Basic Types
Noncutting
Include vises, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches and pliers
Used basically for holding, assembling or dismantling parts
Cutting
Includes Chisels, Saws (Hacksaws), Hand Files, Punches, Reamers, tap and dies,etc.
Hand Tools : Hand Tools Tool Inventory
Tool Selection
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Hammers and Mallets
Metal-Head Hammers
The Ball Peen Hammer
Hammer head held in place by a wedge
Face of the hammer is the striking surface
The Ball Peen Hammer is the hammer most often used by machinists
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Hammers and Mallets
Soft-Faced Hammer
Used for forming soft metals
Striking easily-damaged surfaces
Should Not be used for striking punches, chisels, bolts, or nails
Dead Blow Hammer
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Hammers and Mallets Mallet
Hammer-like tool
Made of hickory, rawhide, rubber, or plastic
Used for shaping metal or wood-working
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Screwdrivers
Classified by shape, type of blade, and blade length
Common – slotted head
Phillips – head forms perfect cross
Offset – used when vertical space is limited
Sizes
Flat screwdrivers are generally sized by width of blade or size screw it fits
Almost all other types (Phillips, etc) are sized by point sizes
Phillips #1, #2, #3, #4 are most common
Screwdriver Drives : (a) Slotted, (b) Phillips, (c) Pozidriv, (d) Torx, (e) Hex, (f) Robertson, (g) Tri-Wing, (h) Torq-Set, (i) Spanner Screwdriver Drives
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Screwdrivers
Made for one purpose only – loosening or tightening screws
When using a screwdriver,
Select the largest blade that will fill the screw head
Wrong size blade will damage screw head and screwdriver blade
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Punches
Center
Used to start holes for drilling
Automatic or manual
Prick
Used to transfer dimensions
Tapered, or Drive Punch
Used for driving out rivets, pins, bolts bound in holes
Pin, or Drift
Same as tapered only straight shank
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Wrenches – designed to fit a nut or bolt head and exert a turning motion
Open End – open parallel jaws on one or both ends
Box End – box, or completely surround bolt head or nut
Combination – open end on one end, box of the same size on the other
Socket – square drive on one end that fits T, ratchet, screwdriver grip, speed handle
Adjustable – one fixed jaw, one adjusted by thumbscrew
Special
Hook Spanner – curved arm with hook for slotted nuts
Allen – six-sided bars shaped in an “L”
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Torque wrench – precision tool to measure amount of turning or twisting force applied
Deflecting beam
Dial indicating
Micrometer setting
Torque wrench : Torque wrench
Torque Wrench : Torque Wrench Torque
Also known as twisting force
Force X Distance (Moment)
Used to deliver loads safely throughout a structure
F, L, T, where:
F = Force
L = Lever length
T = Applied Torque
Torque Wrench : Torque Wrench Torque wrench extensions
Increase lever length
Increase applied force
Require recalculation of applied force
Formula:
Where: A = Lever length of wrench
B = Lever length of wrench plus extension
Te = Required torque on bolt
Tw = Torque reading on wrench dial Tw = Te X A
B
Torque Calculation w/Extension : Torque Calculation w/Extension Example:
40 ft lbs required torque on 3/8“ bolt
4 in. extension necessary at 45-degree angle resulting in 2” effective length increase on 18” torque wrench Tw = Te (40 ft lbs) X A (18 in.)
B (18” + 2”)
Tw = 720 = 36 ft lbs.
20
A = Lever length of wrench
B = Lever length of wrench
plus extension
Te = Required torque on bolt
Tw = Torque reading on
wrench dial
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Use of Machinist Vise 1. Open jaws (1) of vise wide enough to allow you to insert the object you want to clamp.
CAUTION
Use brass or copper caps on vise jaws to protect soft material when clamping.
CAUTION
Do not strike vise with a heavy object or try to hold large work in a small vise.
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools 2. Insert object (2) to be clamped between vise jaws and tighten handle (3).
3. Work should be held firmly in place, but the jaws should not be so tight that they mar the finish. A piece of rawhide or leather may be used to protect highly polished surfaces:
NOTE
When holding hard material in vise jaws
tightened by hand, give the vise handle a
sharp rap for final tightening. Use of Machinist Vise
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Soldering Iron Preparation
Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in. The iron will take a few minutes to reach its operating temperature of about 400°C.
Dampen the sponge in the stand. The best way to do this is to lift it out the stand and hold it under a cold tap for a moment, then squeeze to remove excess water. It should be damp, not dripping wet.
Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to warm up. You can check if it is ready by trying to melt a little solder on the tip.
Wipe the tip of the iron on the damp sponge. This will clean the tip.
Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron. This is called 'tinning' and it will help the heat to flow from the iron's tip to the joint. It only needs to be done when you plug in the iron, and occasionally while soldering if you need to wipe the tip clean on the sponge.
Non-Cutting Hand Tools : Non-Cutting Hand Tools Soldering Iron Use
Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle. Imagine you are going to write your name! Remember to never touch the hot element or tip.
Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Make sure it touches the joint. Hold the tip there for a few seconds and...
Feed a little solder onto the joint. It should flow smoothly. Apply the solder to the joint, not the iron.
Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still. Allow the joint a few seconds to cool before you move the joint
Inspect the joint closely.
Cutting Hand Tools : Cutting Hand Tools Hacksaw
Blade teeth always face forward
Low pressure, let blade do the work
Hand Snips
Straight – cutting straight lines
Curved – cutting outside of curves
Hawksbill – cutting inside of curves or radii
Aviation – compound leverage-type for cutting aluminum alloy or stainless steel sheet
Left-to-right (red)
Right-to-left (green)
Straight (yellow)
Chisels : Chisels Hard steel cutting tool for cutting or chipping any material softer than itself
Used for:
Shearing rivets
Splitting seized or damaged nuts from bolts
Made of eight-sided tempered and hardened tool steel bar stock
Cutting edge should be beveled 60-70 degrees for general use
Types:
Flat or cold
Single or double bevel point
Round nose
Diamond point
Files : Files Files are used for cutting, smoothing off, or removing small amounts of metal, wood, plastic, or other material.
Files are made in various lengths, shapes, and cuts.
Every file has five parts: the point (1), edge (2), face or cutting teeth(3), heel or shoulder (4) and tang (5).
The tang is used to attach the handle
Hand Files and File Card : Hand Files and File Card Types of Files
Flat, mill, square, round or rattial, triangular, three square, half round, wood and vixen
Most common is the mill, rattial and vixen
Clean all files with a File Card
File in forward direction only
Keep file well oiled
Files : Files Most Common files types
Use and Care of Files : Use and Care of Files Apply pressure only on forward stroke
Do not store files where they rub together or against other tools
Never use file as pry bar or a hammer
Do not knock file on vise or other metallic object to clean it (use brush or file card)
Too much pressure also results in "pinning" which scratches work surface
Small particles wedged between teeth
Hand Cutting Tools : Hand Cutting Tools Reamers
Used to bring hole to size and produce good finish
Solid Hand Reamer
Made of carbon steel or high-speed steel
Available in inch sizes from .125 - 1.500 in.
Metric from 1 – 26 mm in diameter
Not adjustable and may have straight or helical flutes
Reamer Use and Precautions : Reamer Use and Precautions Place end of reamer in hole and place tap wrench on square end of reamer
Rotate reamer clockwise to align with hole
Check reamer for squareness with work
Use cutting lubricant where required
Rotate reamer slowly clockwise and apply downward pressure
Never turn reamer backward (counterclockwise), it will dull teeth
Never attempt to remove too much material
Frequently clear hole of chips
Hand Cutting Tools : Hand Cutting Tools Taps and Dies
Taps > used to make internal threads
Dies > used to make external threads
Taps : Taps Made from high quality tool steel, hardened and ground
Two, three, or four flutes cut lengthwise across threads to form cutting edges
Provide room for chips
Admit cutting fluid to lubricate tap
End of shank square so either a straight or t-handle tap wrench can be used to turn tap
Taps : Taps Inch tap markings
Major diameter
Number of threads per inch
Type of thread
½ in.—13 UNC ½ in. = major diameter of tap
13 = number of threads per inch
UNC = Unified National Coarse (type of thread)
Taps : Taps Taper
Tapered from end six threads
Used to start thread easily
Used for tapping hole that goes through work as well as blind hole
Plug
Tapered for three threads
Tread hole through workpiece
Bottoming tap
Not tapered but chamfered at end
Used for threading to bottom of blind hole
Tap Drill Size : Tap Drill Size Hole drilled to correct tap drill size
Leave proper amount of material for tap to cut thread (75%) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A = body size
B = tap drill size
C = minor diameter TDS = tap drill size
D = major diameter of tap
N = number of threads per inch Find tap drill size for a 7/8 in. –9NC tap
Threading Dies : Threading Dies Used to cut external threads on round work
Most common threading dies
Adjustable split die
Adjustable screw plate die
Solid die
Threading Dies : Threading Dies Solid die
Used for chasing damaged threads
May be driven by suitable wrench
Not adjustable
Adjustable split die
Has adjusting screw that permits adjustment over or under standard depth of thread
Fits into die stock
To Thread With a Hand Die : To Thread With a Hand Die Chamfer end of workpiece with file or on grinder
Fasten work securely in vise
Select proper die and die stock
Lubricate tapered end of die with suitable cutting lubricant
Place tapered end of die squarely on workpiece
Slide48 : Press down on die stock handles and turn clockwise several turns
Check die to see that it has started squarely with work
If not square, remove die and restart
Turn die forward one turn and reverse it approximately one-half turn to break chip
During threading process, apply cutting fluid frequently If thread must be cut to shoulder, remove die and restart it with tapered side of die facing up (complete the thread)
Drill Presses : Used to drill precision holes
Four main parts:
Floor stand
Adjustable table
Adjustable spindle
Electric motor
Always clamp to drill press base
Drill diameter has no bearing on drill speed
Drill pressure is critical
Hard and slow for hard metal; fast for soft
Make sure drill bit is secured to the chuck
Drill Presses
Drill Press Photo : Drill Press Photo
Twist Drills : Twist Drills
Hardened shank contains flutes, which form cutting surfaces, flow cutting fluid, and provide for chip removal
Included angle of bits:
135 degrees
118 degrees
90 degrees
60 degrees
Note: Straight shank drill bits measure up to ½ inch Twist Drills
Drilling Holes : Drilling Holes 135 degrees (included angle)
High speed, low pressure for very hard materials
118 degrees (included angle)
High pressure, low speed for steel
90 degrees (included angle)
Used primarily for soft material
Medium pressure
Low pressure, high speed for aluminum
60 degrees (included angle)
Used primarily for soft material
Medium pressure
Note: When drill point is about to break through material, reduce pressure
Drilling Holes (Con’t) : Drilling Holes (Con’t) Locate/position hole
Use center punch
Drill pilot hole first # 40 bit
Drill up to size (Square to material)
If you are reaming, drill hole .0003 to .007 undersize then ream up to size
Rotate reamer in cutting direction only when cutting or removing
Aerospace Hardware : Aerospace Hardware Typical Types of Hardware
Bolts
Nuts
Washers
Screws
Cotter pins and safety wire
Rivets
Turnlock fasteners
Miscellaneous items such as 0-rings, crush washers, etc.
Control cable hardware
Fluid lines and fittings
Electrical wiring and connectors
Hardware : Hardware Bolts – Typical Head Markings
Hardware : Hardware Bolts
A bolt with a single raised dash is a AN corrosion resistant steel bolt
An AN Clevis bolt is for shear applications only. This type of bolt is used only where shear loads occur and never in tension. It is often inserted as a mechanical pin in a control surface. They have a slotted headed
A bolt head with a triangle, recessed or not, is a “Close Tolerance” bolt and must be driven into a hole.
Aerospace Bolt ID : Aerospace Bolt ID Bolt Sizes
“AN” represent Air Force – Navy standard for bolt
If the letter "C" follows the AN designation (ANC) that identifies a stainless steel bolt. The letter "H" after AN (ANH) identifies a drilled head bolt.
The first number after "AN" designates the diameter (1/16" increments)
The last number, either single or double digit denotes length; a single digit denotes nominal length to the 1/8th of an inch; double digit numbers denote the first digit as a whole measure in inches, the second an additional nominal sizing to the 1/8 inch measure.
The "A" at the very end of all the numbers designates that there will be no hole in the shank. Meaning that the hole is "Absent".
Aerospace Bolt ID : Aerospace Bolt ID Bolt Sizes
Example:
AN4-8A
AN means the bolt is manufactured according to Air Force-Navy specs.
4 identifies the diameter of the bolt shank in 1/16" increments
8 identifies the length of the shank in 1/8" increments
A means the shank of the bolt is undrilled (no letter here means a drilled shank)
Safety Wire : Safety Wire Items shall be safety wired in such a configuration that the safety wire shall be put in tension when the parts tend to loosen.
Safety wiring is considered a redundant means of securing components to prevent the component from loosening should the primary retention capability fails during operation.
Aircraft Circular AC 43.13-1B : Aircraft Circular AC 43.13-1B AC 43.13-1B covers all the aspects of general safety wire practices.
Three common wire sizes 0.020, 0.032, 0.041.
Safety wire shall be new for each application.
Safety wire pliers : Safety wire pliers Four different types
Wire : Wire Should be six to eight turns per inch.
The pigtail S/B ¼-to ½-inch (three to six twists).
Hardware : Hardware Rivets
Shop head of a rivet is one and one-half (1½) larger than the shank
The bucked end is also one and one-half (1½) the shank diameter
Aluminum (2117-T) rivets are heat treated by manufacture and can be driven when used. They are known as field rivets
Aluminum (2017–T) is a refrigerated rivet and must be driven within one hour. The (2024-T) is also a refrigerated rivet and must be driven within 10 to 20 minutes after removal from refrigeration.
Aerospace Rivets : Aerospace Rivets Identification
Types of Solid Shank Rivets
Universal (AN470 or MS20470)
Round
Flathead
Countersunk (AN426 or MS20426)
Brazier
Aerospace Rivets : Aerospace Rivets Head of solid shank rivets are marked to identify specific material of the rivet.
1100 very soft material (Plugs)
2017T and 2024T (Refrigerated)
5056T used to rivet magnesium
Aerospace Rivets : Aerospace Rivets Rivet Installation
Use a center punch to mark hole, then drill pilot hole
Drill hole up to size
Countersink for 100 degree rivet (Pg 542)
Flat rivet set is used for installing countersunk rivets
Rivet must be flush with material being riveted
Universal Rivet, use slightly greater radius rivet set to install rivet
Spacing is 3X rivet diameter
Edge distance is minimum of 2x diameter
Length of rivet protruding is 1 ½ diameter
Bucked end is 1 ½ diameter
When installing a rivet always use a slightly
larger drill than rivet diameter!
Aerospace Rivets : Aerospace Rivets Drill Bits to use for Rivet Installations
See “Drill Sizes”
#40 drill bit for 3/32 rivet
#30 drill bit for 1/8 rivet
#20 drill bit for 5/32 rivet
#10 drill bit for 3/16 rivet
Example: #10 drill bit measures .1935
3/16” rivet diameter is .1875
Aerospace Rivets : Aerospace Rivets Rivet Removal
Center punch rivet first to indent the head, then drill center of rivet with one size smaller drill bit.
Drill off the rivet head only!
Knock out rivet with ball peen hammer using pin punch slightly smaller than rivet diameter
Critical to keep hole the same diameter!
Rivet Measurement : Rivet Measurement Rivet Measurement
AN426AD-4-8 (Countersink)
#4 is the diameter in 32nds
#8 is the length in 16ths
Rivet Pitch is distance between rivets in the same row
Question: What would be the necessary length of the rivet to go through two ¼ inches pieces of 2024-T3 aluminum and be ready to drive?
Rivet Measurement : Rivet Measurement Answer
The total thickness is ½ inch or (16/32) plus we need the rivet to protrude 1 ½ diameter so we can buck or drive it.
Therefore the total length of the rivet must be 1/8 X 1.5=.1875 or 3/16 (6/32).
6/32 + 16/32 = 22/32.
The rivet would be an AN426AD-4-11
Basic Math : Basic Math Fractions
Of the following fractions what one is most nearly to 0.17187?
11/64, 9/32 or 11/32
What do you have to do?
- Multiplying using a Fractions
35 x 5/7 = _____
How did you arrive with the answer?
Basic Math : Multiplication of Decimals
9.45 X 120 = ________
2.13 x .203 = ________
Addition of Decimals
2.34 + 37.5 = ________
2.34 + 37.5 + .09 = ________ Basic Math
Basic Math : Multiplication of Decimals – Answer:
9.45 X 100 = 945
9.45 X 20 = 189
945 + 189 = 1134
2.13 X .200 = .426
2.13 X .003 = .00639
.426 + .00639 = .43239 Basic Math
Basic Math : Addition of Decimals– Answer:
2.34
+ 37.50
= 39.84
2.34
+ 37.50
+ .09
= 39.93 Basic Math
Basic Math :
Expressing a decimals as a percentage
.90 as a percent
Move the decimal two places to the right
Affix the percent symbol to the right after dropping the decimal point
.90 – 90. – 90%
Expressing a percent as a decimal
Keeping in mind that a percent is simply a decimal with the decimal point moved two places to the right, all that is necessary to express a percent as a decimal is to move the decimal point two places to the left
Basic Math
Basic Math : Basic Math Areas
Volumes Area = pi r 2 Area = axb Volume = axbxc Volume = [pi] r2 h
Basic Math : Basic Math Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT
V=volume in liters
n=moles of gas
P=pressure in atm
T=temperature in Kelvin's
R is the molar gas constant
For given gas R is constant and for given number of moles of gas the equation can be solved to relate pressure, temperature and volume between two different states
Basic Math : Basic Math Gas Laws
Examples:
Container size of gas halved; temperature remains same
Equation P1V1=P2V2
Basic Math : Basic Math Temperature conversion Fahrenheit and Celsius
The equation relating the two is C = (F-32) * 5 / 9
From F to C: - subtract 32 - multiply by 5 - divide by 9 From C to F: - multiple by 9 - divide by 5 - add 32
Basic Math : Basic Math Gearing
Used to transmit power between shafts rotating usually at different speeds
Two main types
Spur gears – the larger
Pinion gears – the smaller
Pinion to Spur gear ratio:
# of teeth on spur gear / # of teeth on pinion gear
Ex: 150-tooth spur; 30-tooth pinion:
150/30 = 5 or 5 to 1; also expressed as a ratio, i.e. 5 : 1
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Measuring Tools, Torque and Gearing
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement The Micrometer
Precision measuring instrument
Handle with care
Four types of Micrometers
Outside
Inside
Depth
Thread
Basic Measurement : Most common: One inch, outside Micrometer Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Micrometer (Con’t)
Used to measure
Thickness
Diameter
Other items
Storing a Micrometer
Never tighten Anvil against Spindle, leave a small opening
Store in a dry place, box, or pouch
If dropped, check for accuracy with Gauge Block before using
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement How to use and read a Micrometer
Hold frame in palm of hand with little finger or third finger inside the frame
Tighten around object until ratchet clicks
Micrometers with Vernier scale allow you to read the fraction of the division on the barrel scale
One revolution of micrometer is 0.025
Gauge Block should be used to check calibration
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Depth Micrometer
Used to measure
Holes
Grooves
Recesses
When using a Depth Micrometer:
Make sure base has a flat, smooth surface to rest on
Hold firmly in place to prevent lift-off and ensure an accurate measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement How to use and read a Depth Micrometer
Graduations on the barrel are numbered in the opposite direction of those on an outside micrometer
Pay attention to numbers you can’t see
4 tenths + 25 thousandths + 10 thousandths
= 0.435
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Calipers
Digital
Dial
Vernier Easy to read
Can be used to measure
Outside
Inside
Depth
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Vernier Caliper:
The main scale is divided in inches.
Each inch is divided into 40 parts, like the sleeve on the micrometer
Each division is equal to 0.025 inch
A movable jaw that matches the fixed jaw slides along the main scale bar
Contains 25 divisions that equal 24 divisions on the main scale
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement How to read a Vernier Caliper:
Read the nearest number located on the main scale (in inches) and add to that the number of subdivisions.
Make sure to read from the zero on the movable jaw Vernier scale and not the jaw edge!
Scan down the movable jaw Vernier scale and select the number that matches up exactly with the main scale
Add this number to the numbers from the main scale
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Ball gauges (Small Hole gauge)
Used to measure small holes up to ½ inch in diameter
Insert ball gauge into hole and tighten
Remove ball gauge and use a micrometer to determine size of hole by measuring 90 degrees to separation (spilt) on the ball gauge
Store with ball retracted (backed-off)
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Telescoping Gauges
Used to measure inside cylinders, typically up to six inches in diameter.
Allow spring loaded “T” gauge to extend to inside opening
Lock shaft
Measure with micrometer
Store with ‘T” gauge extended.
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement The steel rule
Lengths vary – most common 6 in or 36 in
Can be used as a straight edge
Usually contains four scales, 1/32, 1/64, 1/10, 1/100.
The fractional divisions of an inch are found by dividing the inch into equal parts:
Halves, quarters, eights, sixteenths, thirty- seconds and sixty-fourths or
Decimals of 100th of an inch
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement The Combination Set
Basic Measurement : Basic Measurement Combination Set
Can be used as a ordinary rule
16ths, 32nds scales
Tri-square
90°, 45° angles, Bubble Level
Protractor
Precision angles
Center head
Used to find the center of an object
Each head slides along the blade and can be locked in place
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : 3 types of working drawings
Detail drawing
Single part
Assembly drawing
Two or more parts assembled together
Installation drawing
All necessary information for a part or an assembly to be installed on the vehicle/rocket/aircraft Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Orthographic Projection, Six views
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Lines
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Lines
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Title Block
Name of the firm
Name of the part
The scale
Name of the draftsmen, the checker and the person approving the drawing
The date
Drawing number
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Title Block
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Orthographic Projection, 3 views
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Tolerance
When a given dimension on a print shows the allowable variation, the plus (+) figure indicates the maximum and the minus (–) figure indicates minimum allowable variation. Also called the “the extreme permissible dimensions of the hole or part.
Example: Using .225 + .0025 - .005
The hole could be as large as .2275
The hole could be as small as .2200
Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings : Blueprint Reading and Interpreting Technical Drawings Schematics diagrams do not indicate the locations of individual components in the vehicle or rocket, but do locate components with respect to each other
Blueprint Reading and Schematics : Blueprint Reading and Schematics
Any Questions? : Any Questions? Lets take the quiz!
Remember this “Readiness Course” in “Applied Mechanics” is a review. It is highly recommended you review applicable chapters in AC65-9A before testing (1, 2, 6 &12).
References : References Karr “Technology of Machine Tools”
Navy Manual Tools and Their Uses
AC 43.13-1B Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices - Aircraft Inspection and Repair
AC65-9A Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics General Handbook
AC 65-15A [Large AC] Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook
Slide117 : Design Handbook http://pergatory.mit.edu/2.007/Resources/index.html
Virtual Machine Shop http://www.jjjtrain.com/vms/library.html