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Slide1:

The Terminator and the Spectator: Does Media Violence Cause Societal Violence? Brad J. Bushman

Slide2:

Movie violence is like eating salt. The more you eat, the more you need to eat to taste it. That's why death counts have quadrupled and blast power is increasing by the megaton. — Alan J. Pakula Director, All the President's Men

Some Statistics:

Some Statistics There are more TV sets in America than there are toilets. By age 18, the average child will have watched 22,000 hours of TV. By age 18, the average child will have observed 13,000 violent deaths on TV.

National TV Violence Study:

National TV Violence Study Researchers analyzed the content of over 8,000 hours of programming on cable and broadcast television for 3 years. About 60% of programs contained violence. Less than 4% of the violent programs contained an anti-violence theme. Nearly 40% of the violent acts were perpetrated by "good" characters.

National TV Violence Study:

National TV Violence Study Even when the perpetrators of violence were "bad" characters, over 40% went unpunished. Almost three fourths (73%) of the perpetrators of violence showed no remorse for their actions. Over half (55%) of the violence victims show no pain or suffering.

National TV Violence Study:

National TV Violence Study Over one third (36%) of the victims experienced unrealistically low harm. Only 15% of the violent programs showed the long-term consequences of the violence to the victim’s family, friends, and community. Even though 53% of the violent scenes on TV were lethal, over 40% of the violent scenes were portrayed as humorous.

Slide7:

Television characters are now 1,000 times more likely to be murdered than are real people.

Slide8:

“The most violent ghetto isn’t in South Central L.A. or Southeast Washington D.C.; it’s on TV. About 350 characters appear each night on prime-time TV, but studies show an average of 7 of these people are murdered every night. If this rate applied in reality, then in just 50 days everyone in the United States would be killed and the last left could turn off the TV.” — Michael Medved, Film Critic

Outline:

Outline Does Exposure to Violent Media Increase Aggression? Why Does Exposure to Violent Media Increase Aggression? Who is Most Affected by Violent Media?

Outline:

Outline Does Exposure to Violent Media Increase Aggression?

Third Person Effect:

Third Person Effect The belief that media presentations have a stronger effect on others than on oneself.

Video Game Industry:

Video Game Industry "Computer games don't affect kids; I mean if Pac-Man affected us as kids, we'd all be running around in darkened rooms, munching magic pills and listening to repetitive electronic music.” Kristian Wilson, Nintendo, Inc., 1989

Hate E-Mail:

Hate E-Mail “Your all wrong. Look im 13 and im not affected at all by any videogame. Ive been playing since i was 4 and i would never think about going into school wiht a shotgun and killing my peers. Its not the violence, its yourselves. Stop targetting our fun! I dont care what the testing says. there is NO way your going to succeed.”

How Large is the Impact?:

How Large is the Impact? Suppose that a violent program makes only 1% of viewers more aggressive afterwards. Should society be concerned about a percentage so small? If 20 million people watch a violent program, and 1% are affected, then 200,000 people will behave more aggressively afterwards!

Slide16:

“If you cut the wires of all TV sets today, there would still be no less violence on the streets in two years.” — Jack Valenti, President of MPAA

Paradox:

Paradox On the one hand, the TV industry claims that a few minutes of advertising can sell soap, salsa, or cereal to viewers. On the other hand, the TV industry claims that the hours of programming surrounding the few minutes of advertising have no effect on viewers.

Smoking Analogy:

Smoking Analogy Not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer, and not everyone who gets lung cancer is a smoker. Not everyone who watches violent media becomes aggressive, and not everyone who is aggressive watches violent media.

Smoking Analogy:

Smoking Analogy Smoking isn’t the only factor that causes lung cancer, but it is an important factor. Violent media isn’t the only factor that causes aggression, but it is an important factor.

Smoking Analogy:

Smoking Analogy The first cigarette can make a person nauseous. Repeated exposure reduces these sickening effects and leaves the person craving more. The first exposure to violent media can make a person nauseous, anxious, and afraid. Repeated exposure reduces these effects and leaves the person craving more.

Smoking Analogy:

Smoking Analogy The short-term effects of smoking are relatively innocuous. Smoking one cigarette has numerous physiological and behavioral effects, but these usually dissipate within an hour. Watching one violent show has numerous physiological and behavioral effects, but these usually dissipate within an hour.

Smoking Analogy:

Smoking Analogy The long-term effects of smoking can be serious. One cigarette has little impact on lung cancer. But repeated exposure greatly increases the risk of lung cancer. Watching one violent show has little impact on making a person aggressive. But repeated exposure greatly increases the risk of a person becoming aggressive.

Smoking Analogy:

Smoking Analogy For years the tobacco industry denied the harmful effects of tobacco, even though the U.S. Surgeon General warned the public about these effects in 1964. For years the entertainment industry has denied the harmful effects of violent media, even though the U.S. Surgeon General warned the public about these effects in 1972.

Surgeon General Warning:

Surgeon General Warning “It is clear to me that the causal relationship between televised violence and antisocial behavior is sufficient to warrant appropriate and immediate remedial action… There comes a time when the data are sufficient to justify action. That time has come.” — Jesse Steinfeld, Surgeon General of the United States, March 1972