naderi intro

Introduction - a brief history - thoughts behind the program - walk through the agenda: 

Introduction - a brief history - thoughts behind the program - walk through the agenda Firouz Naderi Mars Program Manager

Mars Has Been a Favorite Target: 

Mars Has Been a Favorite Target The opportunity to go to Mars comes around every 26 months Since 1964 US has gone to Mars on nine such opportunities often with more than one S/C These missions have included several planetary “first ever” Mariner 4 - 1964 First S/C to Flyby Another Planet and Send Back Images Mariner 9 - 1971 First Orbiter Around Another Planet Viking -1975 First Lander on Another Planet Pathfinder -1997 First Rover on Another Planet

America’s Mars Missions: 

America’s Mars Missions 1. Mariner 3 – 11/64 Flyby Failed LV 2. Mariner 4 – 11/64 Flyby Successful 3. Mariner 6 – 2/69 Flyby Successful 4. Mariner 7 – 3/69 Flyby Successful 5. Mariner 8 – 5/71 Orbiter Failed LV 6. Mariner 9 – 5/71 Orbiter Successful 7. Viking 1 (O) – 8/75 Orbiter Successful 8. Viking 1 (L) – 8/75 Lander Successful 9. Viking 2 (O) – 9/75 Orbiter Successful 10. Viking 2 (L) – 9/75 Lander Successful 11. Mars Observer – 9/92 Orbiter Failed 12. MGS – 11/96 Orbiter Successful 13. Mars Pathfinder – 12/96 Lander Successful 14. MCO – 12/98 Orbiter Failed MPL – 1/99 Lander Failed Odyssey - 4/’01 Orbiter Successful Spirit -- 6/’03 Lander Successful Opportunity -- 7/’03 Lander Successful Since 1964, US has launched 18 Mars missions

The Road to Mars: 

The Road to Mars The Early Years Mariner 4 (1964) became the first spacecraft to fly by Mars Mariner 9 (1971) become the first spacecraft to orbit another planet Viking (1976) sent two orbiter/lander pairs to Mars Remarkable engineering/technological/scientific feat ~$4B in today’s dollars Aimed specifically at finding life Lander instruments aimed at detecting living organisms When none was found Mars Program was essentially shut down

The Road to Mars (cont.): 

The Road to Mars (cont.) The Revival Mars Observer (1992) was NASA's next attempt to explore the red planet Lost during its orbit insertion. This significant loss was an important factor in NASA’s initiation of the "Faster, Better, Cheaper" (FBC) approach In 1994, NASA announced the start of the Mars Surveyor Program Called for launching an orbiter and a lander at each 26-month opportunity Subsequently as a result of ALH84001 a Mars Sample Return mission was added to the program with samples of Martian rocks targeted for return to Earth by 2008

The Road to Mars (cont.) : 

The Road to Mars (cont.) The Highs and Lows of Mars Surveyor Program The High—the 1996 opportunity Mars Pathfinder Mission ”the poster child” for FBC Technological success, worldwide public engagement, good science Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) A remarkable science success More data returned than all previous missions combined Still going strong in its third extended mission The Low—the 1998 opportunity Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO)—failed Mars Polar Lander (MPL)—failed Failures were, in parts, blamed on overaggressive application of FBC

The Road to Mars (cont.) : 

The Road to Mars (cont.) In the aftermath of the’98 mission failures, NASA Administrator chartered a senior independent team headed by Tom Young To assess the root cause of the failures Make recommendations to get the Program back on track New management structure at Hq. and JPL Garvin/Hubbard/Naderi join the team in early spring Near-term charge — restructure the program Target Fall 2001 budget submission First order of business Stand down on plans to launch Mars Sample Return mission 2001 launch opportunity Launch the Odyssey orbiter after rigorous review Do not proceed with the lander MER selected for 2003 Roadmapping options for 2005, ’07, ’09 and ‘11 involved the community

Mars Program Restructuring Summer of 2000: 

Mars Program Restructuring Summer of 2000 Broad Outreach and Data Gathering: RFI to industry (~100 responses from ~40 companies) Mars Exploration workshop at LPI for new concepts by individual researchers (~200 abstracts) Concepts requested from NASA Centers (9 responded) Call for concepts from International Community (7 responses) Science Goals, and prioritization of Objectives and Investigations by science community (MEPAG) Synthesis Two synthesis retreats conducted with the Mars community to arrive at mission options August 2000 retreat — 64 attendees September finalization retreat — 18 attendees

Participants in August 2000 Mars Program Restructuring Retreat: 

Participants in August 2000 Mars Program Restructuring Retreat

Review of the Restructured Program-- Fall 2000: 

Review of the Restructured Program-- Fall 2000 Program Review and Roll out Review with Tom Young Committee Oct. 10-11 Briefing to Goldin Discussions with OMB, OSTP External reviews with advisory committees in Nov./Dec. SSES, SSAC, NAC, COMPLEX

Missions as They Were in Fall of 2000 : 

Missions as They Were in Fall of 2000

Key Changes Since Fall of 2000: 

Key Changes Since Fall of 2000 In Fall of 2001 MSL was moved from 2007 to 2009 so as to allow Make available funds to address needs by MER Agency desire to incorporate nuclear power source Long life, latitude independence, rejuvenate nuclear space application Allow more time between MRO and MSL to take full advantage of MRO mapping Allow more time for critical analytical instruments to mature International participation did not pan out Italian participation in Mars 2007 Telesat rescinded A U.S. only Mars telesat (MTO) replaced it in 2009 Partnership with French on MSR did not happen MSR as currently envisioned entails both lander and orbiter provided by NASA

Mars Exploration Missions: 

Mars Exploration Missions

Slide14: 

Aerobraking Com Relay Landing Site Options EDL System Com Relay Com Relay Landing Site Selection Com Relay Rendezvous & Capture Com Relay ‘96 Mars Pathfinder ‘96 MGS 2003 MER 2001 Odyssey 2005 MRO 2009 Smart Laboratory 2013 MSR Technology Pipeline MAV, Sample Containment Mars Program: An Interconnected Set Of Missions 2009 Orbiter 2009 MTO 2007 CNES Orbiter Aerobraking In Situ Science In Situ Science EDL System Mobility Mars Scouts 14 Atmosphere Monitoring for Aerobreaking Regional Imaging

Paving the Road to Mars Sample Return: 

Paving the Road to Mars Sample Return MTO MSL SOM-L MSR Optical Navigation Site Survey Com. Relay MRO MTO MTP MSL Autonomous Rendezvous Com. Relay Guided Entry Precision Landing Potential Caching SOM Pinpoint Landing Mars Ascend Vehicle Planetary Protection

A Thought Process: 

A Thought Process Science Objectives of the Mars Exploration Program Search for possible extinct or extant life Understand Mars as a Planet Climate Geology Characterize the environment for potential human exploration Did Mars ever have conditions necessary for emergence of life? If so, did life ever emerge on Mars? Where to look? Once zeroed in on a site how to look for life? In recent years search for life has become the focal point It can be decomposed into 2 questions

Where to Look?: 

Where to Look? Mars is a large planet (as much land surface as the Earth) and our resources are limited. Where on Mars should we look for an answer? Look in areas with High Habitability Potential Areas that have several elements considered necessary for life Key Water — where it might have been and, where it might be now Complex carbon chemistry

A Thought Process How to Look: 

A Thought Process How to Look Once you have identified target areas with high habitability potential how do you look for life Look for the Organisms directly Structure? Chemical biosignatures? Life effects on environment e.g methane Life residues e.g complex carbon molecules Others? How Would you go about it? Robotic In-situ? Sample Return? Humans?

Elements of a Program: 

Elements of a Program Orbital reconnaissance Macroscopic exploration Global context Compass for the landed explorers Landed explorers, Microscopic follow through Ground truth for orbiters observations Sample return More accurate analysis in Earth laboratories

A Thought ProcessHow to Structure a Program: 

A Thought Process How to Structure a Program Linear/step by step/systematic Does one worry about the stamina/attention span/patience of the public and resource providers if the process takes too long? Forget about the bunt single; Swing for the fences How many strikes are you allowed? A hybrid approach? How do you structure a program that walks (runs?) through these steps?

Identifying Areas with High Potential for Habitability: 

Identifying Areas with High Potential for Habitability MRO MGS Odyssey MER Phoenix MSL MSR AFL Deep Drill Orbital Reconnaissance Follow up In-situ Investigation (and Ground Truth) This Decade Next Decade

Connection to Human Exploration?: 

Connection to Human Exploration? How do you feed forward science/technology/engineering Between robotic and human missions What will scale? What requires technological paradigm shift? How do you couple the science driven robotic program with the emerging human program? What are the elements of each program that can be leveraged against the assets of the other? Question: Has the announcement of the new vision for space exploration changed the objectives of robotic Mars exploration program? Has it changed the implementation strategy — pace? Order?

Slide23: 

An Example of Evolving Technology Areal Density - kg/m2 300 200 100 1980 1990 2000 2010 250 35 15 5-1 Space Mirror Technology AMSD Objective LTSI Objective

ScalabilityLander Mass at Mars Atmospheric Entry: 

Scalability Lander Mass at Mars Atmospheric Entry Human missions will require landed masses in the tens of tons Courtesy: J. Geffre/JSC Lander + Aerobrake Mass (tons) Mars Circular Staging Orbit Altitude (km) Number of Crew + Days on Mars Surface 50 - 60 mt 70 - 80 mt 90 – 100 mt Reference Point 6 crew, 60 days 500 x 33,572 km 82,800 kg

What You Will and Not Hear Today: 

What You Will and Not Hear Today Advanced Program Integration Office (APIO) Launch Vehicle Roadmap Mars Human & Robotic Roadmap Lunar Roadmap Mars Human Roadmap Mars Robotic Roadmap Potential Bridges   Past Studies 