DLV Lecture Weeks 1 and 2

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Oceanography Earth Science 4 Valentine

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Earth Science 4/4H: Introduction to Oceanography Professor: Dave Valentine 2116 Webb Hall 893-2973 Office Hours: Tu Noon - 1PM, Th 11:00 - Noon Undergraduate Asst: Hannah Ocampo Webb 1006A, 893-4831 Lecture: T, Th 2:00 - 3:15 PM, Embarcadero Hall

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Required Materials:  Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science, 5th ed, Tom Garrison.  Oceanography Workbook for Fall 2005 (available at AS Notes).  Three (3) Scantrons, Form No. F-1712-PAR-L.

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Grading Grading: Midterm (25%) Labs (10%) Lab Midterm (20%) Final (45%) Dates: Midterm: Thursday, November 2nd. Lab Midterm: Tuesday November 28th (in lecture). Final: Wednesday December 13th 4 – 7 PM.

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Course Webpage: http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/valentine/courses.htm

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Labs/TA’s Lab section: 1 hour per week; you must register for a section (this includes 4H students). Labs begin next week! Teaching Assistants: Molly Redmond <mredmond@umail.ucsb.edu> Monica Heintz <mbheintz@umail.ucsb.edu>, George Wardlaw <gdwardlaw3@gmail.com > TA Office Hours: George: Thursdays from 10:30 to 11:30 in Preston Cloud 1126 Monica: Fridays 11-1 (or by appt.) in Webb Molly: Tuesdays 1-2 and 315-415 in Woodhouse 2009 (or by appt.) Division of labor/responsibilities of Valentine and TA's

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Emphasis and difficulty of the course This is a course that satisfies the Quantitative Relationships and Area C breadth requirements. As such, in order to do well, you need to be able to think and use mathematics. You do need to be able to use and manipulate algebraic expressions and simple geometric principles.

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Tentative Course Calendar: Tentative Course Calendar: 9/28: Introduction, Origin of Earth and Oceans, Chapter 2, No Lab. 10/3, 10/5: History of Oceanography, Chapter 1; Plate tectonics, Chapter 3, Lab 1. 10/10, 10/12: Plate tectonics cont’d, Chapter 3; Seawater, Chapter 6; Lab 2. 10/17, 10/19: Seawater, Chapter 7; Atmospheric Circulation, Chapter 8; Lab 3. 10/24, 10/26: Ocean Circulation, Chapter 9. Lab 4. 10/31, 11/2: Waves, Chapter 10, Lab 5. Midterm on 11/2. 11/7, 11/9: Waves cont’d, Chapter 10; Primary Production/Carbon Cycle, Chapter 14, Lab 6*. 11/14, 11/16: Primary Production/Carbon Cycle cont’d, Chapter 14. Lab 7. 11/21, 11/23: The Environment: Global Warming (ch. 18), No Class 11/23 (Thanksgiving Holiday) 11/28, 11/30: Lab Midterm on 11/28; Oil in the Sea, 414-416/439-442, 12/5, 12/7 Catch-up Day; Final Exam Q&A Session 12/13: Final Exam, 4 PM - 7 PM. *Students enrolled in lab sections meeting on Friday will miss lab 6 due to a holiday on November 10th. These students must make up this lab during one of the following times: Tue 11/21 at 11-11:50 or 12-12:50; Wed 11/22 at 2-2:50 or 3-3:50. All labs meet in PSB-S 2712.

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Logistics CLASS IS FULL Keep Trying

4H Students?: 

4H Students? Meet with Valentine After Class

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Lectures 1 & 2 An Ocean World

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About 71% of Earth’s surface is ocean. Lecture 1 An Ocean World You Are Here

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Overview • Today • Origin and Evolution of Earth Planet Ocean Life • Oceans Elsewhere • Oceanography (Science)

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Today Rockstar: http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/space/09/26/supernova/index.html Earth is Hot: http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/09/25/warming.earth.reut/index.html

Look For The Following Key Ideas: 

Look For The Following Key Ideas * The objects in our solar system condensed about 5 billion years ago. * Earth is density stratified. The ocean and atmosphere are the least dense layers. * Life on Earth may have arisen in the ocean. * Other planets and moons may have, or may have had, oceans.

The Origin Of Earth: 

What do we know about the origin of the Universe? Big Bang – term that describes the beginning of the universe ~ 14 billion years ago Universe expanded, cooled Formation of atoms, Atoms formed galaxies and stars. The Origin Of Earth

A Timeline Of Earth’s History: 

A Timeline Of Earth’s History

Stars: 

What do stars have to do with the ocean? Most of the substance of Earth, its ocean, and all living things, was formed by stars. Every chemical element heavier than hydrogen was manufactured and released into space by stars. Stars Our sun, like all normal stars, is powered by nuclear fusion.

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Nuclear Fusion

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Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fusion: 

Nuclear Fusion

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Solar Origin Gravitational Contraction Disk & Protostar Heating & Ejection Fusion!

Earth And Ocean: 

How did Earth become density stratified?  Young Earth was probably homogeneous  Heat and gravitational pressure caused Earth to partially melt  Gravity then pulled the iron present into the center of Earth  This heated Earth further  Lighter minerals migrated to Earth’s surface and formed the crust  lasted ~100 million years Earth And Ocean

The Formation Of Earth: 

Young Earth, a homogeneous mixture of materials. The Formation Of Earth

The Formation Of Earth: 

Iron moved toward the center of Earth, forming the core. 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.. The Formation Of Earth

The Formation Of Earth: 

Density stratification results in an inner and outer core, a mantle and crust. The Formation Of Earth

Water And Water Vapor: 

How did water and water vapor form on early Earth?  The Sun stripped away Earth’s first atmosphere  Gases, including water vapor, released by the process of outgassing, replaced the first atmosphere.  Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed into clouds.  After millions of years, the clouds cooled enough for water droplets to form.  Hot rain fell and boiled back into the clouds.  Eventually, the surface cooled enough for water to collect in basins. Water And Water Vapor

Ocean/Atmosphere Formation: 

Ocean/Atmosphere Formation Early Atmosphere

Ocean Formation: 

Ocean Formation Ocean/Atmosphere Formation

Ocean Formation: 

Ocean Formation Ocean/Atmosphere Formation

Ocean Formation: 

Ocean Formation Ocean/Atmosphere Formation

Ocean Formation: 

Ocean Formation Ocean/Atmosphere Formation

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The Early Atmosphere Hot Water Vapor

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The Early Atmosphere Hot

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The Early Oceans Not So Hot

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No Oxygen (O2) More Methane (CH4) More CO2 The Early Atmosphere Similar Nitrogen (N2)

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Early Life on Earth Miller-Urey: compounds needed for life can be formed from simple molecules http://www.ucsd.tv/miller-urey/

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Early Life on Earth Oldest Fossils ~3.5 billion Photosynthetic? Active Debate Take Home: Trust, but Verify

A Timeline Of Earth’s History: 

A Timeline Of Earth’s History

The Distant Future Of Earth: 

How long can Earth exist? ● Our Sun will begin to die in 5 billion years. ● 6 billion years from now the sun will enter the red giant phase and will engulf the inner planets (including Earth). ● At that time, Earth will probably be recycled into component atoms (including yours). The Distant Future Of Earth

Comparative Oceanography: 

Comparative Oceanography

Comparative Oceanography: 

Where have scientists found evidence of water?  Europa and Ganymede - moons of the planet Jupiter  Mars – may have had an ocean in the distant past, subsurface water.  Titan – Saturn’s largest moon, may have an ocean of hydrocarbons Comparative Oceanography

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Europa

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Europa-Ice Sheet Reconstruction

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Stylized Ocean Ice

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Search for Martian Water Channels on Mars Underground Water Dry Basins Recent Flow

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Search for Martian Water ~72 mi.

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Search for Martian Water

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Search for Martian Water ~ 2mi.

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Search for Martian Water http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/

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Search for Martian Water Gusev Crater Spirit Lander

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Search for Martian Water

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3 Rovers, 3 Sites Gusev Crater Meridiani Planumon Isidis Planitia

Titan: 

Titan

Titan: 

Titan

Titan: 

Titan

Titan: 

Titan

Titan: 

Titan

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Titan

Titan: 

Titan

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Recap • Origin and Evolution of Earth Planet (Big Bang → Big Rock) Ocean (Early Atmos → Water) Life (Miller → Microbes) Fate (Fiery Death) • Oceans NOT of this Earth

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Segue into Oceanography

Marine Science, Oceanography, And The Nature Of Science: 

Marine Science, Oceanography, And The Nature Of Science  Marine geology- the study of Earth’s crust and composition  Physical oceanography- the study of waves and currents, climate prediction  Marine biology– the study of the nature and distribution of marine organisms  Chemical oceanography-the study of gases and solids dissolved in the ocean Marine engineering-the design and construction of structures used in or on the ocean Marine anthropology -the study of human interactions with the sea Hybrid fields Marine Science, or Oceanography, integrates many different types of science.

The Nature Of Science: 

What methods do marine scientists use to obtain and interpret data? Scientific methods are not a simple set of steps followed by every researcher to answer every question. However, some questions can be answered by using the following method: Ask a question  Form a working hypothesis  Observe or experiment  Form theories and laws The Nature Of Science

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An overview of the scientific method, a process of asking questions and testing the answers through scientific theory. Healthy Skepticism! Take Home:

Voyaging Begins: 

Voyaging Begins Voyaging on water was important to many early civilizations. The Egyptians, Cretans and Phoenicians were all skilled sailors. Cartographers, or chart makers, recorded information about locations, landmarks and currents. Today, charts are detailed graphic representations of water and water-related information.

Science For Voyaging: 

Science For Voyaging The Library at Alexandria, in Egypt, was founded in the third century B.C. This library stored information on every area of human endeavor. Eratosthenes of Cyrene was the second librarian at Alexandria. He was the first to calculate the circumference of Earth. He also invented a system of longitude and latitude. The principles of celestial navigation were invented at the Library at Alexandria.

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A third century B.C. chart showing the system of latitude and longitude developed by Eratosthenes.

Voyages Of The Oceanian Peoples: 

The Polynesian colonizations are an example of knowledge of oceans and marine science used to colonize a vast number of islands. Voyages Of The Oceanian Peoples “Red Arrows” indicate the direction and order of settlement.

Vikings: 

The Vikings, Scandinavian adventurers, used fast and stable ships to explore (and pillage) places as far away as Kiev, Constantinople, Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. Vikings

Chinese Contributions: 

Chinese Contributions Chinese navigators set out in the 1400s to explore the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Africa and the Atlantic. Their ships were laden with gifts designed to show China’s wealth and degree of civilization. The Chinese invented: The central rudder Water-tight compartments Sails on multiple masts

The Age Of Discovery: 

Europeans explored the world by sea during the Renaissance.  Henry the Navigator - Explorers under his patronage compiled detailed charts and explored the west coast of Africa.  Christopher Columbus - Although he never saw the mainland of North America, his stories inspired other explorers to follow.  Ferdinand Magellan –Although Magellan died en route, the small surviving portion of his crew circumnavigated the globe. The Age Of Discovery

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The journey of the Magellan expedition, the first voyage around the world. Around the world in 1082 Days

Voyaging For Science: 

James Cook , a commander in the British Royal Navy, is credited with leading voyages that greatly contributed to scientific oceanography. Some of the accomplishments of James Cook and his scientists include: Voyaging For Science  Verification of calculations of planetary orbits  Charting of New Zealand and the Great Barrier Reef, Tonga and Easter Islands  Initiation of friendly relations with many native populations  Sampling marine life, land plants and animals  Recording data concerning the ocean floor and geological formations

Voyaging For Science: 

The routes of Cook’s three voyages exploring the Pacific. Voyaging For Science

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James Cook

The First Scientific Expeditions: 

The First Scientific Expeditions The British Challenger expedition of 1872-1876 was the first oceanic expedition dedicated to scientific research. The United States Exploring Expedition launched in 1838 was a naval and scientific expedition. The HMS Beagle, on which Charles Darwin served as a naturalist, voyaged to South America and some Pacific Islands.

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Challenger Expedition 1872-76 Hollowed out steamship 2100 tons, 226 feet long Guns removed to make room for labs Scientific Equipment: thermometers nets trawls water bottles And lots of rope!!

Trawl Net: 

Trawl Net

The First Scientific Expeditions: 

HMS Challenger ’s track, from 1872-1876. The First Scientific Expeditions

Challenger Discoveries: 

Challenger Discoveries 1. Mud is grey ooze, then red clay at depth 2. Red clay changed to grey ooze at mid-Atlantic ridge 3. Mn nodules! 4. Worms. Life at depth! 5. Puerto Rican Trench (7000 meters) 6. Clay from Sahara Desert (7. Studied Gulf Stream) (8. Equatorial Currents) 2 water masses in deep South Atlantic 10. Surface cooler than at 600 m

Voyages For Science In The Twentieth Century: 

© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Voyages For Science In The Twentieth Century What advances in oceanic exploration occurred in the twentieth century? Polar Exploration- explorers reached both the North and South poles in the twentieth century The Meteor Expedition- the first expedition to use modern optical and electronic equipment for oceanographic investigation The Atlantis –investigations by scientists on this research vessel confirmed the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Trieste – a blimp-like bathyscaphe which descended into the Challenger Deep area of the Mariana Trench Glomar Challenger –samples obtained by scientists on this drilling ship provided confirming evidence for seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.

The Rise Of Oceanographic Expeditions: 

Three of the most prominent oceanographic institutions in the United States:  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  Scripps Institution of Oceanography  Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University The Rise Of Oceanographic Expeditions

The Rise Of Oceanographic Institutions: 

The Rise Of Oceanographic Institutions

Oceanography in Action: 

Oceanography in Action

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Short Videos… Gravity Coring – Skan Bay CTD – SBB WHISPS WHISPS up close