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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Appraisal Theory: The language of emotion, ethics and aesthetics Appraisal TheoryIntroduction: Introduction Appraisal is concerned with the linguistic formulations of conveying emotions and opinions, how writers align their authorial personae with the stance of others, and how they manipulate their writings to convey a greater or lesser degree of strength and conviction in their propositions.Presentation outline: Presentation outline Systemic Functional Linguistics Appraisal resources Attitude Engagement Graduation Proposed research Preliminary experiments DiscussionSystemic Functional Linguistics: Systemic Functional Linguistics Systemic functional linguistics (Halliday 1994) identifies three metafunctions of language operating in parallel. Three levels of abstraction realise these types of meaning. Systemic Functional Linguistics: Systemic Functional Linguistics Appraisal… …elaborates on the notion of interpersonal meaning, describing how social relationships are negotiated through evaluations of self, others and artefacts. …is situated within discourse semantics; attitude is often realised across grammatical boundaries, and is dynamic throughout a text.Appraisal resources: Appraisal resources appraisalAttitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feeling Appraisal considers three types of attitude: Affect (personal emotion); Judgement (appraisal of others’ behaviour); and Appreciation (evaluation of phenomena). All three ways of feeling can be either positive or negative.Attitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feelingAttitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feeling Attitude can be realised: explicitly, through the lexicogrammar (inscribed) or implicitly, through ideational meanings (invoked) that: are marked with attitudinal lexical items (flagged); are elaborated by metaphor (provoked) or make reference to cultural attitudinal norms (afforded)Attitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feeling We smashed their way of life. We brought the diseases. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We fenced them in like sheep. It was our ignorance and our prejudice. And our failure to imagine these things being done to us. [INSCRIBED] [FLAGGED] [PROVOKED] [AFFORDED]Engagement: appraisals of appraisals: Engagement: appraisals of appraisals Engagement considers how writers convey their point of view and how they align themselves with respect to the position of others. All utterances convey point of view (Stubbs 1996) All utterances occur among a variety of other utterances regarding the same topic (Bakhtin 1981) Evaluative text is dialogic in that it responds to and anticipates the opinions of its audience and of other writers. Engagement: appraisals of appraisals: Engagement: appraisals of appraisalsGraduation: strength of evaluation: Graduation: strength of evaluationComputational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory: Computational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory Taboada and Grieve (2004) Determined a ‘potential’ value of adjectives for affect, judgement and appreciation by calculating the PMI with the pronoun-copular pairs: I was (Affect); He was (Judgement); and It was (Appreciation).Computational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory: Computational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory Whitelaw et al. (2005) ‘Appraisal Groups’ are the atomic elements for sentiment analysis. Attitude: affect | judgement | appreciation Orientation: positive | negative Force: low | neutral | high Focus: low | neutral | high Polarity: marked | unmarked Lexicon of frames constructed from WordNet, using the seed terms provided by Martin and White (2005).Proposed research: Proposed research Aim Investigate techniques for the computational analysis of Appraisal identifying appraisal-bearing propositions, and labelling the constituents of the propositions according to the attitude, engagement and graduation typologies.Proposed research: Proposed research Motivation Extend the breadth of sentiment analysis by: discriminating between affect, judgement and appreciation; determining author positioning with respect to others; and accounting for the vast range of linguistic features that serve to modify inscribed attitude and engagement. Seek to statistically validate the Appraisal typologies.Proposed research: Proposed research Building an Appraisal Lexicon The Appraisal typology might be populated semi-automatically by comparing the distributional similarity of target words with terms known to be appropriate to each node (as demonstrated by Weeds et al. (2005) for biomedical ontologies).Proposed research: Proposed research Finding patterns of Appraisal The automatically acquired lexicon might be used to label sentences according to the type of attitude, engagement and graduation. Dependency parses of these sentences may reveal significant lexicogrammatical patterns of appraisal propositions.Proposed research: Proposed research Augmenting similarity measures with Appraisal annotations The lexicogrammatical patterns of Appraisal might be used to provide additional features for semantic spaces (following Padó and Lapata (2004)). Can these features motivated from Appraisal Theory bootstrap the performance of metric in identifying words of attitude, engagement and graduation? Proposed research: Proposed research Challenges Selecting seed terms Some contexts confound the cultural norms unpredictable behaviour vs. unpredictable plot Infused graduation disquieted, startled, frightened, terrifiedPreliminary experiments: Preliminary experiments Similar words appear in similar contexts (Firth 1957) Can context determine Attitude? Collect examples of Attitude Cluster these examples using SenseClusters (Kulkarni and Pedersen 2005)Preliminary experiments: Preliminary experiments Data collection Martin and White’s (2005) example adjectives Discarded 64 ambiguous terms Discarded 151 terms with low probability mass Extracted paragraphs from the BNC if they contained one of the 168 remaining adjectives Preliminary experiments: Preliminary experiments Experiments with SenseClustersThank you!: Thank you! David Hope: drh21@sussex.ac.uk Jonathon Read: j.l.read@sussex.ac.uk You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
appraisal theory Paola Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2130 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (4) Dislike it (0) Added: January 13, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: enokalfie (17 month(s) ago) i like this presentation... can i get it???? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: urmanjusajjan (30 month(s) ago) good Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Appraisal Theory: The language of emotion, ethics and aesthetics Appraisal TheoryIntroduction: Introduction Appraisal is concerned with the linguistic formulations of conveying emotions and opinions, how writers align their authorial personae with the stance of others, and how they manipulate their writings to convey a greater or lesser degree of strength and conviction in their propositions.Presentation outline: Presentation outline Systemic Functional Linguistics Appraisal resources Attitude Engagement Graduation Proposed research Preliminary experiments DiscussionSystemic Functional Linguistics: Systemic Functional Linguistics Systemic functional linguistics (Halliday 1994) identifies three metafunctions of language operating in parallel. Three levels of abstraction realise these types of meaning. Systemic Functional Linguistics: Systemic Functional Linguistics Appraisal… …elaborates on the notion of interpersonal meaning, describing how social relationships are negotiated through evaluations of self, others and artefacts. …is situated within discourse semantics; attitude is often realised across grammatical boundaries, and is dynamic throughout a text.Appraisal resources: Appraisal resources appraisalAttitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feeling Appraisal considers three types of attitude: Affect (personal emotion); Judgement (appraisal of others’ behaviour); and Appreciation (evaluation of phenomena). All three ways of feeling can be either positive or negative.Attitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feelingAttitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feeling Attitude can be realised: explicitly, through the lexicogrammar (inscribed) or implicitly, through ideational meanings (invoked) that: are marked with attitudinal lexical items (flagged); are elaborated by metaphor (provoked) or make reference to cultural attitudinal norms (afforded)Attitude: ways of feeling: Attitude: ways of feeling We smashed their way of life. We brought the diseases. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We fenced them in like sheep. It was our ignorance and our prejudice. And our failure to imagine these things being done to us. [INSCRIBED] [FLAGGED] [PROVOKED] [AFFORDED]Engagement: appraisals of appraisals: Engagement: appraisals of appraisals Engagement considers how writers convey their point of view and how they align themselves with respect to the position of others. All utterances convey point of view (Stubbs 1996) All utterances occur among a variety of other utterances regarding the same topic (Bakhtin 1981) Evaluative text is dialogic in that it responds to and anticipates the opinions of its audience and of other writers. Engagement: appraisals of appraisals: Engagement: appraisals of appraisalsGraduation: strength of evaluation: Graduation: strength of evaluationComputational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory: Computational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory Taboada and Grieve (2004) Determined a ‘potential’ value of adjectives for affect, judgement and appreciation by calculating the PMI with the pronoun-copular pairs: I was (Affect); He was (Judgement); and It was (Appreciation).Computational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory: Computational Linguistics and Appraisal Theory Whitelaw et al. (2005) ‘Appraisal Groups’ are the atomic elements for sentiment analysis. Attitude: affect | judgement | appreciation Orientation: positive | negative Force: low | neutral | high Focus: low | neutral | high Polarity: marked | unmarked Lexicon of frames constructed from WordNet, using the seed terms provided by Martin and White (2005).Proposed research: Proposed research Aim Investigate techniques for the computational analysis of Appraisal identifying appraisal-bearing propositions, and labelling the constituents of the propositions according to the attitude, engagement and graduation typologies.Proposed research: Proposed research Motivation Extend the breadth of sentiment analysis by: discriminating between affect, judgement and appreciation; determining author positioning with respect to others; and accounting for the vast range of linguistic features that serve to modify inscribed attitude and engagement. Seek to statistically validate the Appraisal typologies.Proposed research: Proposed research Building an Appraisal Lexicon The Appraisal typology might be populated semi-automatically by comparing the distributional similarity of target words with terms known to be appropriate to each node (as demonstrated by Weeds et al. (2005) for biomedical ontologies).Proposed research: Proposed research Finding patterns of Appraisal The automatically acquired lexicon might be used to label sentences according to the type of attitude, engagement and graduation. Dependency parses of these sentences may reveal significant lexicogrammatical patterns of appraisal propositions.Proposed research: Proposed research Augmenting similarity measures with Appraisal annotations The lexicogrammatical patterns of Appraisal might be used to provide additional features for semantic spaces (following Padó and Lapata (2004)). Can these features motivated from Appraisal Theory bootstrap the performance of metric in identifying words of attitude, engagement and graduation? Proposed research: Proposed research Challenges Selecting seed terms Some contexts confound the cultural norms unpredictable behaviour vs. unpredictable plot Infused graduation disquieted, startled, frightened, terrifiedPreliminary experiments: Preliminary experiments Similar words appear in similar contexts (Firth 1957) Can context determine Attitude? Collect examples of Attitude Cluster these examples using SenseClusters (Kulkarni and Pedersen 2005)Preliminary experiments: Preliminary experiments Data collection Martin and White’s (2005) example adjectives Discarded 64 ambiguous terms Discarded 151 terms with low probability mass Extracted paragraphs from the BNC if they contained one of the 168 remaining adjectives Preliminary experiments: Preliminary experiments Experiments with SenseClustersThank you!: Thank you! David Hope: drh21@sussex.ac.uk Jonathon Read: j.l.read@sussex.ac.uk