Slide1: Chapter 3 The History of the United Kingdom


Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion: Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion Iberians: The earliest settlers, 2500 BC, during the Stone and Bronze Ages The Celts: 700 BC, during the Iron Age Roman Britain: 55BC-476AD): a Temporary Civilization Roman’s influence on Britain Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.


Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion: Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion The Anglo-Saxon Conquest Two versions of Christianity the Catholic Church in Rome St. Augustine: the first Archbishop of Canterbury England the Celtic/ Irish version in the tradition of St. Patrick Ireland


Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion: Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion The Anglo-Saxons’ contributions to the English state divided the country into shires devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system established the manorial (庄园的）system created the Witan（council or meeting of the wise men） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council （枢密院）


Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion: Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion Viking and Danish invasions from the end of the 8th century King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions


Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion: Prehistory to the Norman Conquest: A History of Invasion The Norman Conquest (1066) Reasons for William’s invasion of England The Norman Conquest and its consequences the feudal system was completely established in England Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended a variant of Old English was developed The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation England’s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror（1066-1087） the King owned all the land personally large estates in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce These estates were scattered far and wide over the country land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, in return for goods and services bottom of the feudal scale：the villains or serfs the oath of allegiance


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation King Henry II and his reforms greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop’s court to the King’s court


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation the Great Charter (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation The origins of the English Parliament The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation The Hundred Years’ War between England and France， intermittently from 1337 to 1453 partly territorial and partly economic stop France from giving aid to Scots a growing sense of nationalism The English’s being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation The Black Death It reduced England’s population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century. much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor a Statute of Laborers


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation The Peasant Uprising of 1381 a head tax led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June, 1381. it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners a heavy blow to serfdom a new class of yeomen farmers(自耕农) emerged


The Making of a Nation: The Making of a Nation The Wars of Rose the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, the House of York, symbolized by the white from 1455 to 1485 the rule of the Tudors The great medieval nobility was much weakened


Transition to the Modern Age : Transition to the Modern Age Henry VIII: The English Reformation three main causes began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy The Church of England the Act of Supremacy of 1554 England was moving away form Catholicism towards Protestantism


Transition to the Modern Age: Transition to the Modern Age Elizabeth I (1558-1603) religious reform: keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control foreign policy prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict a friendly relationship with France War with Spain


Transition to the Modern Age: Transition to the Modern Age The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 November 5, 1605 Guy Fawkes the House of Parliament


Transition to the Modern Age: Transition to the Modern Age The Civil Wars and their consequences the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament 1642 – 1649 Charles I was condemned to death the Puritan Revolution The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.


Transition to the Modern Age: Transition to the Modern Age The Restoration Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 George Monck King Charles II


Transition to the Modern Age: Transition to the Modern Age The Glorious Revolution of 1688 James II : Catholic William of Orange: a Protestant king Whigs and Tories The Whigs: opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tories: supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings, the forerunners of the Conservative Party.


Founding of the British Empire : Founding of the British Empire Reasons for colonization finding settlements that can provide large overseas market for English goods and raw materials for English industry; escaping the religious persecution; gold rush; etc.


Founding of the British Empire: Founding of the British Empire English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area.


Founding of the British Empire: Founding of the British Empire The Americas America at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 at Plymouth Massachusetts in 1620 Canada Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris The Canada Act of 1791 The British North America Act of 1867


Founding of the British Empire: Founding of the British Empire Australia/ New Zealand transport convicts to Australia in 1788 The gold rushes (1851-1892) New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931.


Founding of the British Empire: Founding of the British Empire India The British East India Company in 1600 Queen Victoria: Empress of India in 1877 Atlantic trade triangle Africa the West Indies the northern American