lecture01

History, Growth, Statistics and Future: 

History, Growth, Statistics and Future CSC1720 – Introduction to Internet Essential Materials

Who are they?: 

Who are they?

Outline: 

Outline The Birth of Internet Internet Pioneers ARPA & ARPANET Switching Network Growth of the Internet Who governs the Internet The development in China The Future Prospects

The Birth of ARPA: 

The Birth of ARPA In 1957, USSR launches the first artificial earth satellite - Sputnik. In 1958, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ARPA directly reports to the US Department of Defense (DoD) and develops state-of-the-art technology in order to maintain the leading military research position.

The evolution of ARPAnet: 

The evolution of ARPAnet The 1st Packet-Switching (PS) paper was presented in 1961. PS-network was presented to the ARPA in 1968. The request for the proposals of ARPA Network (ARPANET) was sent in the same year. In 1969, the ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking. Only 4 nodes comprise the ARPANET.

Packet Switching or Circuit Switching?: 

Packet Switching or Circuit Switching? Circuit Switching A network that provides data channels for the sole use by a single user. Packet Switching Message is broken into pieces of data and is transmitted over the network. Demo now!

Circuit Switching: 

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching: 

Packet Switching

The first ARPANET: 

The first ARPANET Nodes are connected by AT&T 50kbps lines. Node 1: University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Host is SDS SIGMA7 Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Host is SDS940 Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), Host is IBM 360/75 Node 4: University of Utah, Host is DEC PDP-10

Hosts: 

Hosts IBM 360/75 DEC PDP-10

Diagram of the 4-nodes ARPANET: 

Diagram of the 4-nodes ARPANET

Interface Message Processor (IMP): 

Interface Message Processor (IMP) 4 IMPs were connected, ARPANET was born.

Geographical Position: 

Geographical Position Host 1(UCLA) Host 2 (SRI) Host 3 (UCSB) Host 4 (Utah)

Geographical Position: 

Geographical Position

The father of ARPANET: 

The father of ARPANET Larry Roberts is the principal architect of the ARAPNET

The growth of ARPANET: 

The growth of ARPANET 1971, 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, MIT, Harvard, Stanford, UIUC, CMU, NASA, etc…

The growth of ARPANET: 

The growth of ARPANET 1971, 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, MIT, Harvard, Stanford, UIUC, CMU, NASA, etc…

The growth of ARPANET: 

The growth of ARPANET Ray Tomlinson invents email program (1971), introduce the use of “@”. ALOHAnet (first packet radio network) from Univ of Hawaii, join ARPANET in 1972. 1973, study shows email compose 75% of the ARPANET traffic. Elizabeth II sent an email in 1976.

The ARPANET - 1973: 

The ARPANET - 1973

Slide20: 

Figure 10.1 Countries in 1977 that could send or receive email but were not connected to the Internet.

Late 1970s, Early 1980s: 

Late 1970s, Early 1980s Many networks were built In 1981, BITNET, the “Because It’s Time NETwork” started as cooperative network. CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) seeds grant support by National Science Foundation (NSF) and provides connection between universities. EUnet (European UNIX Network) JUNET (Japan UNIX Network) JANET (Joint Academic Network) in UK

Why Decentralized?Why Distributed?: 

Why Decentralized? Why Distributed? Centralized model – attack the central point, any counter-attack?

Distributed Network: 

Distributed Network Paul Baran has 2 important ideas to the development of ARPANET Distributed network Packet switching

NSFNET: 

NSFNET In 1986, NSFNET was created (backbone speed of 56Kbps) Connected 5 supercomputing centers. JVNC@Princeton PSC@Pittsburgh SDSC@UCSD NCSA@UIUC Theory Center@Cornell

NSFNET - Backbone: 

NSFNET - Backbone

Expansion of hosts: 

Expansion of hosts Number of hosts breaks 10,000 in 1987 NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.5M) 1988 Number of hosts breaks 100,000 in 1989 NSFNET upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) 1991 Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 in 1992

T3 Backbone: 

T3 Backbone

Trunk Bandwidth: 

Trunk Bandwidth T1 – Trunk Level 1 A T3 line is comprised of 28 T1 lines, each operating at total signaling rate of 1.54 Mbps. T1 – 1.5Mbps, T2 – 6Mbps, T3 – 45Mbps European Standard – E E1 – 2Mbps, E2 – 8Mbps, E3 – 34Mbps, E4 – 140Mbps

The Internet - 1987: 

The Internet - 1987

The emergence of the Internet: 

The emergence of the Internet Department of Defense (DoD) National Science Foundation NSF Other Funding ARPANET MilNET NSFNET CSNET BITNET JANET ALOHANET Internet

The father of the Internet: 

The father of the Internet Vint Cerf defines the network protocol and breaks the independent self-contained networks, forms TCP/IP which becomes the standard

Networking Technology: 

Networking Technology Local Area Network (LAN)s are very popular in 1980s, especially in Universities. Many workstations were connected by Ethernet which was invented by Bob Metcalfe

Who creates Mouse?: 

Who creates Mouse? Can you surf without the use of mouse? We should thank Douglas Englebart for his invention.

The Invention of WWW: 

The Invention of WWW The World Wide Web (WWW) was created by Tim Berners-Lee at European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) in 1991 Together with Robert Cailliau wrote the first WWW client and server

Browser evolution: 

Browser evolution Mosaic takes the Internet, 1993 A graphical WEB browser, WWW client which was released by Marc Andreesen at NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) in the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Netscape, 1994 Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark 1996, 75% uses Netscape It was bought by America Online in 1999 (10 Billion in stock)

Billionaire – Jerry Yang: 

Billionaire – Jerry Yang David Filo & Jerry Yang started Yahoo when they were doing their PhD studies at Stanford University in 1994 Yahoo is one of the famous search engine on the NET.

Internet Worm: 

Internet Worm In 1988, Robert Morris, graduate student in Computer Science at Cornell, wrote an experimental, self-replicating, self-propagating program “a worm” Distribute itself to over 6,000 of the 60,000 computers that were on the Internet at that time. He was sentenced to 3 years of probation, 400 hours of community, a fine of $10,050.

Recent Threats: 

Recent Threats

Growth of the Internet Hosts: 

Growth of the Internet Hosts

Some Statistics: 

Some Statistics At January 2000, there are 72,398,092 hosts connecting to the Internet. At June 2000, there are 17,119,262 web servers. At July 1997, there are 1,301,000 domains. At July 1997, there are 171 countries connecting to the Internet.

Interesting Facts: 

Interesting Facts 25,000 new users daily 325 million users (October 2000) 50% of users are female 73 million hosts (October 2000) 200+ countries connected World Wide Web sites double every two months

Internet History: 

Internet History

Growth of the Internet Networks: 

Growth of the Internet Networks

Growth of the Internet Domains: 

Growth of the Internet Domains

Growth of the Internet Web Sites: 

Growth of the Internet Web Sites

An example global backbone network: 

An example global backbone network

Who governs the Internet?: 

Who governs the Internet? NOBODY!! Internet Society (ISOC) Professional membership society World Wide Web Consortium develops technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) Domain registration

Who governs the Internet?: 

Who governs the Internet? Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) responsibility for the IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers

Who governs the Internet?: 

Who governs the Internet?

Who manages IP address?: 

Who manages IP address? Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) APNIC (Asia-Pacific Network Information Center) Asia Pacific ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers ) North America, South America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa.  RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens) Europe, Middle East, parts of Africa

The Internet Development in China: 

The Internet Development in China Sept, 1987 – a professor in Beijing sends out the first email in China Oct, 1990 – China registers the country’s domain name “cn” at InterNIC Sept, 1994 – China Telecom signs an agreement to open two 64K lines in Beijing and Shanghai Jan, 1996 – China Public Computer Internet (CHINANET) opens Jun, 1999 – 1.46 million computers connected to the Internet and 4 million Internet subscribers, 29,045 .cn domain names and 9,906 web sites Nov, 2002 – 145,427 .cn domain names, …

An Internet Odyssey: 

An Internet Odyssey Please suggest what will happen in 2010 to the Internet? De-Mobilization of Free Expression? People listening today, more people will be listening tomorrow Not a substitute for communicating with people Still expanding very fast – IPv6!

References: 

References Hobbes’ Internet Timeline Internet Pioneers Zen and the art of the Internet Life on the Internet China NIC Berners-Lee, Tim. (1999). Weaving the Web. San Francisco: HarperCollins. Class Exercise: Question: What is Internet2?

The End: 

The End Thank you for your patience! Source:"A History Of The Internet: 1962-1992", by The Computer Museum (TCM)