IR1001 1

The Cold War and the “three worlds”: 

The Cold War and the “three worlds”

Slide2: 

During World War 2 allies consist of United States, Great Britain & the Soviet Union Conferences held in Yalta – February 1945 Potsdam –July/August 1945 End World War 2 great hope – fascism been defeated

Post-World War 2: 

Post-World War 2 Soviet economy on its knees whereas US economy booming – A-bomb/fleet of long-range aircraft/imposing navy

Post-World War 2: 

Post-World War 2 4 areas Soviet foreign policy based on (1) try and stop US having political advantage of nuclear weapons (2) try and stop West having any military strength in mid Europe (3) try and use large army as a deterrent to West in Europe (4) try and modernize air force/navy

Post-World War 2: 

Post-World War 2 Distrust ruled the day – neither side trusted the other – West believing Soviets would keep expanding to the west

The Cold War: 

The Cold War 5 March 1946 Churchill makes speech at Fulton, Missouri “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.

Eastern Europe: 

Eastern Europe Seton Watson and 3 stage “salami tactics” Communist parties in key positions in coalitions – Ministry of Interior Slowly begin to push coalition partners out Becoming 1-party state – nationalization of land/industry – constitution changed and similar to 1936 Soviet one

Eastern Europe: 

Eastern Europe Reasons Swain – Moscow wanted buffer states for security – spreading communism distant second Gati - Moscow hoped to exploit Eastern Europe economically

Cold War: 

Cold War 1947 – Truman Doctrine March 1948 Marshall Plan - $17b from US to help rebuild Western Europe 29 August 1949 – A-bomb – replica of “fat man”

Cold War: 

Cold War April 1949 Atlantic Treaty – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 1949 – Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA/COMECON) 1949 – Chinese Revolution

Cold War: 

Cold War McCarthyism in the US May 1955 – Warsaw Pact created October 1957 – 1st Sputnik launched April 1961 – Yuri Gargarin in space

“the three worlds”: 

“the three worlds” 1954 - Malenkov saying thermonuclear war “unthinkable” 1955 – Austria Treaty Khrushchev in Yugoslavia Moscow admitting world not bipolar

“the three worlds”: 

“the three worlds” After World War 2 decolonization taking place Moscow begins to take a much greater interest in the Third World – global outlook Cold War competition moves to these new independent countries

The Non-Aligned Movement: 

The Non-Aligned Movement September 1961 1st meeting in Belgrade – 25 countries Concerned accelerating arms race and could lead to war Strategic & political neutrality towards major powers

The Non-Aligned Movement: 

The Non-Aligned Movement Criteria Independent policy based on coexistence of states with different political/social systems Support for Movements of National Independence Not member of multilateral military alliance concluded in contest of Great Power conflicts If a country has a bilateral military alliance with a Great power, or is a member of a regional defence pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately concluded in the context of Great power Conflicts If it has conceded military bases to a Foreign Power the concession should not have been made in the context of Great Power Conflicts

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis 1 January 1959 victory of the Cuba Revolution As Cuban-US relations deteriorate Havana’s relationship with Moscow improves Cuba perfect example of what Moscow hoped to achieve in the Third World

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis Propaganda gold dust – Cold War at its height & due to shared history/geography with US

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis April 1961 - Bay of Pigs Dec 1961 – Castro proclaims himself Marxist-Leninist October 1962 – US have spy photos of Soviet missile on Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis Various different reasons for decision to put missiles on Cuba but one most important is competition between Moscow & Peking US 3 options (1) invasion (2) Trade missiles for those in Turkey (3) Quarantine

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis 28 October agreement reached & Soviet missiles removed – US missile in Turkey & promise not too invade Cuba

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Been Allies during World War 2 due to greater evil – fascism Cold War very quickly after 1945 (1) ideological reasons & (2) mistrust World appears to becoming Bipolar - US and Soviet Union

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Bipolarity shown by NATO & Warsaw Pact However a “third way” seems to appear - Austria Treaty/ Khrushchev in Yugoslavia Decolonization & Non-Aligned Movement appears

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Various different reasons for Cuban Missile Crisis Legacy of Cuban Missile Crisis? - been to the brink & did not want to risk this again