Lenn 2004

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Dr. Marjorie Peace Lenn Executive Director Center for Quality Assurance in International Education National Center for Higher Education Washington, D.C. www.cqaie.org October 1, 2004 CLEAR *** Kansas City

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KNOWLEDGE has become the single most important factor in economic development and global competitiveness

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Higher Education Concerns 1. Appropriate Objectives 2. Good Management 3. Effective Operations = Quality Assurance/ Accreditation

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Profession’s Concerns 1. Code of Conduct/Ethics 2. Keeping Current in Practice 3. Mobility = Competency Assurance/ Certification and Licensure

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Shared Characteristics: Quality & Competency Assurance Defines by Setting Standards Assists in Reform Efforts Provides Structure for Improvement/Planning Assists Users to Make Choices & Decisions

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GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

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GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

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ACCESS Global Supply of Learners Year Global Asia 1990 48M 17M 2025 159M 87M Source: International Education: Australia’s Potential Demand & Supply, IDB

Tertiary Enrollment Ratios, 1995 : 

Tertiary Enrollment Ratios, 1995

National Quality Assurance Agencies: A Global View: 

National Quality Assurance Agencies: A Global View The scope and status of agencies vary, depending on countries. The list is not exhaustive, especially where there are rapidly growing movements as governments face pressing needs to establish a quality assurance agency. courtesy of OECD/CERI

Share of Enrollment in Private Higher Education (percent): 

Share of Enrollment in Private Higher Education (percent) Note: In the few Western European countries which have a high proportion of enrollments in private institutions (for example, Belgium and the Netherlands), higher education continues to be almost entirely financed by the state which subsidizes both public and private higher education institutions. Source: World Bank 2003

Transnational Education: 

Transnational Education Branch Campuses Study Abroad Franchises Twinning Distance Education Corporate Programs

Largest Importers: 

Largest Importers Canada France Germany United Kingdom United States (63% of 1.2 million market) UNESCO

Largest Exporters: 

Largest Exporters Australia 4 billion $ United Kingdom 3 billion $ United States 13 billion $ Sources: DETYA, USTR, COMMERCE

Top Ten Services Exports: 

Top Ten Services Exports Travel $71.3 bill Transportation $45.5 bill Financial Svcs $16.5 bill Commercial, Professional & Technical Svcs $16.3 bill Education and Training Services $13.0 bill Entertainment $ 7.1 bill Information Svcs $ 4.0 bill Telecom $ 3.7 bill Equip Installation, Maintenance & Repair $ 3.7 bill Healthcare $ 1.2 bill Source: International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce

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GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

Effects of  Regionalism: 

Effects of Regionalism More outward-looking stance Greater liberalization of national policy Equal partnership with other countries Source: Regional Integration, World Bank, 2003

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MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS MRA’s

Regional Free Trade Agreements: Toward MRA’s: 

Regional Free Trade Agreements: Toward MRA’s MERCOSUR Engineering, Medicine, Agronomy EU European Consortium for Accreditation in Higher Education (ECA) APEC Engineering & Architecture US-CANADA Medicine, Engineering, Dentistry, Accountancy

Global Definitions of Professions: 

Global Definitions of Professions Engineering – Washington Accord Architecture – IUA Accounting – WTO Nurse Anesthesia – IFNA Teacher Education - IRTE

Regional QA Organizations: 

Regional QA Organizations ENQA – EUROPE ECA – EUROPE CCA – CENTRAL AMERICA APQN – ASIA PACIFIC AAAC – CANADA ASPA – USA CHEA - USA

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Professional Accreditation and Certification: Gateways to Quality and Mobility in the Americas June 10-11, 2004 Mexico City Co-Sponsors: Ministries of Education: Mexico and Chile Ministries of Trade: Mexico and Chile Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development The World Bank Coordinator: The Center for Quality Assurance in International Education

GLOBALIZING PROFESSIONSAND THE CENTER FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION: 

GLOBALIZING PROFESSIONS AND THE CENTER FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION Allied Health (Latin America) Occupational Therapy (Also Europe) Physical Therapy (Also Europe) Speech Language Hearing Management & Accounting (Global & C/EEurope) Engineering (Global & Asia) Architecture (Global & Asia) Medicine (Eastern Europe) Counseling (Global) Law (Eastern Europe) Psychology (NAFTA) Nursing (NAFTA & Asia) Nurse Anesthesia (Global) Dietetics (Global) Journalism (Americas) Music (Asia, Europe, GCC) Teacher Education (Global & GCC)

Impact of Trade Agreements on Higher Education: 

Impact of Trade Agreements on Higher Education National higher education policy liberalization; Common standards for professional education; Cross-border provision on higher education by private providers; and Mutual recognition of academic credentials

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GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

Center for Quality Assurance in International EducationGlobal Activity: National Quality and Competency Assurance Capacity Building: 

Center for Quality Assurance in International Education Global Activity: National Quality and Competency Assurance Capacity Building AMERICAS Mexico, English Speaking Caribbean, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia Regional Coordination: Organization of American States, Inter American Press Association AFRICA Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa Regional Coordination: Association of African Universities, South African Universities Vice Chancellors Association MIDDLE EAST United Arab Emirates, Israel, Oman, West Bank and Gaza Regional Coordination: GCC, World Bank ASIA Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, People’s Republic of China, Thailand, Vietnam Regional Coordination: World Bank, UNDP, OECD, Chinese Society for Evaluation of Higher Education EUROPE Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Estonia, Sweden, Balkans, Switzerland, Greece Regional Coordination: The World Bank, UNESCO, Council of Europe, OECD, Soros Foundation, US State

INQAAHE: 

INQAAHE International Network of Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education 1991: 20 countries 2004: 80 countries www.inqaahe.org Principles of Good Practice

Regional Program for EA/PAsia Pacific Quality Network: 

Regional Program for EA/P Asia Pacific Quality Network Regional Quality Assurance Services Regional Pool of External Reviewers Regional Information Clearinghouse Regional Staff Exchanges Regional Training and Development Liaison Functions with Regional and Global Organizations

OECD-UNESCO2005 Goals: 

OECD-UNESCO 2005 Goals Provide better information on how to recognize bogus institutions of higher education and bogus accrediting bodies Create an international recognition process for national quality assurance bodies Encourage regional associations of quality assurance bodies Create an international database of “accredited” institutions and programs of higher education Improve the process of recognizing degrees across borders

How Not to Globalize a Profession: 

How Not to Globalize a Profession Multiple levels of practice Uncommon Standards for Education & Practice Emphasis on Inputs rather than Outcomes Multiple routes to accreditation and certification Immature or multiple International Organization(s) Protectionists vs. Globalists

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Key Lessons The Professions are Globalizing Countries Need to Keep Pace Growing Reliance on World Standard Professional Practice (Global Competencies) Need to Strengthen Capacity in National Professional Bodies Gain Strength in Regional Cooperation

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GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY