logging in or signing up physics of accelerators Nivedi Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1289 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: May 02, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: Jongma (10 month(s) ago) Dear Mr. Prior I would very much like to have a copy of your presentation if possible. I could use it efficiently to educate some of my students on accelerator, synchrotron and free-electron laser physics. If you could provide it soon, I can use parts of it in a presentation I need to give next week. Kind regards: Rienk Jongma Radboud University Nijmegen Project-leader FLARE Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sara262 (16 month(s) ago) plz send me this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: mo3az (23 month(s) ago) thank you very much for that effort, i really needed such a presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Physics of Accelerators: The Physics of Accelerators C.R. Prior Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Trinity College, OxfordContents: Contents Basic concepts in the study of Particle Accelerators (including relativistic effects) Methods of acceleration Linacs and rings Controlling the beam Confinement, acceleration, focusing Animations Synchrotron radiation LuminosityPre-requisites: Basic knowledge for the study of particle beams: applications of relativistic particle dynamics classical theory of electromagnetism (Maxwell’s equations) More advanced studies require Hamiltonian mechanics optical concepts quantum scattering theory, radiation by charged particles Pre-requisitesApplications of Accelerators: Based on possibility of directing beams to hit specific targets production of thin beams of synchrotron light Bombardment of targets used to obtain new materials with different chemical, physical and mechanical properties Synchrotron radiation covers spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, x-ray microscopy, crystallography of proteins. Techniques used to manufacture products for aeronautics, medicine, pharmacology, steel production, chemical, car, oil and space industries. In medicine, beams are used for Positron Emission Tomography (PET), therapy of tumours, and for surgery. Applications of AcceleratorsBasic concepts: Energy of a relativistic particle For v<<c, Relativistic kinetic energy Rest energy Classical kinetic energy c=speed of light 3 108 m/s Basic conceptsBasic concepts: Basic concepts Momentum Connection between E and p: so for ultra-relativistic particles Units: 1eV = 1.6021 x 10-19 joule. E[eV] = where e = electron charge Rest energies: Electron E0 = 511 keV Proton E0 = 938 MeVVelocity v. Kinetic energy: Velocity v. Kinetic energy At low energies, Newtonian mechanics may be used; relativistic formulae necessary at high energiesMotion in electric and magnetic fields: Motion in electric and magnetic fields Governed by Lorentz force Acceleration along a uniform electric field Constant energy with spiralling along a uniform magnetic fieldMethods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Linear accelerator (linac) Vacuum chamber with one or more DC accelerating structures with E-field aligned in direction of motion. Avoids expensive magnets no loss of energy from synchrotron radiation but many structures, limited energy gain/metre large energy increase requires long accelerator Part of the Fermilab linear acceleratorMethods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Circular machines Use magnetic fields to force particles to pass through accelerating fields at regular intervals. Cyclotrons Constant B field Constant accelerating frequency f Spiral trajectories For synchronism f=nw, which is possible only at low energies, ~1. Use for heavy particles (protons, deuterons, -particles). Methods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Isochronous Cyclotron Higher energies => relativistic effects => w no longer constant. Particles get out of phase with accelerating fields; eventually no overall acceleration. Solution: vary B to compensate and keep f constant. Thomas (1938): need both radial (because varies) and azimuthal B-field variation for stable orbits. Construction difficulties.Methods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Synchro-cyclotron Modulate frequency f of accelerating structure instead. McMillan & Veksler (1945): oscillations are stable. Betatron (Kerst 1941) Particles accelerated by rotational electric field generated by time varying B : Theory of “betatron oscillations” Overtaken by development of the synchrotron Methods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Synchrotron Principle of frequency modulation but in addition variation in time of B-field to match increase in energy and keep revolution radius constant. Magnetic field produced by several dipoles, increases linearly with momentum. At high energies: Br = p/q E/qc E[GeV]=0.29979 B[T] r [m] per unit charge. Limitations of magnetic fields => high energies only at large radius e.g. LHC E = 8 TeV, B = 10 T, r = 2.7 km Types of Synchrotron: Types of Synchrotron Storage rings: accumulate particles and keep circulating for long periods; used for high intensity beams to inject into more powerful machines or synchrotron radiation factories. Colliders: two beams circulating in opposite directions, made to intersect; maximises energy in centre of mass frame. Example of variation of parameters with time in a synchrotron Confinement, Acceleration and Focusing of Particles: Confinement, Acceleration and Focusing of Particles By increasing E (hence p) and B together, possible to maintain cyclotron at constant radius and accelerate a beam of particles. In a synchrotron, the confining magnetic field comes from a system of several magnetic dipoles forming a closed arc. Dipoles are mounted apart, separated by straight sections/vacuum chambers including equipment for focusing, acceleration, injection, extraction, experimental areas, vacuum pumps. ISIS dipoleRing Layout: Ring Layout Mean radius of ring R> e.g. CERN SPS R=1100m, =225m Can also have large machines with a large number of dipoles each of small bending angle. e.g. CERN SPS 744 magnets, 6.26m long, angle =0.48o Acceleration: Acceleration A positive charge is accelerated when crossing uniform E-fields. Simple model of an RF cavity: uniform field between parallel plates of a condenser containing small holes to allow for the passage of the beamAcceleration: Acceleration Important concepts in rings: Revolution period Revolution frequency If several bunches in machine, introduce RF cavities in straight sections with oscillating fields h is the harmonic number. Energy increase E when particles pass RF cavities can increase energy only so far as can increase B-field in dipoles to keep constant . Effect on Particles of an RF Cavity: Effect on Particles of an RF Cavity Cavity set up so that centre of bunch, called the synchronous particle, acquires just the right amount of energy. Particles see voltage V0sin2rft=V0sin (t) In case of no acceleration, synchronous particle has s = 0 Particles arriving early see <s Particles arriving late see >s energy of those in advance is decreased wrt synchronous particle and vice versa. To accelerate, make 0 < s< so that synchronous particle gains energy E=qV0sins Bunching EffectLimit of Stability: Not all particles are stable. There is a limit to the stable region (the separatrix or “bucket”) and, at high intensity, it is important to design the machine so that all particles are confined within this region and are “trapped”. Limit of StabilityWeak (Transverse) Focusing: Weak (Transverse) Focusing Particles injected horizontally into a uniform, vertical, magnetic field follow a circular orbit Misalignment errors, difficulty in perfect injection cause particles to drift vertically and radially and to hit walls. severe limitations to a machine Require some kind of stability mechanism Vertical stability requires negative field gradient. i.e. horizontal restoring force is towards the design orbit. Overall stability condition: Weak focusingStrong (Transverse)Focusing - Alternating Gradient Principle: Strong (Transverse)Focusing - Alternating Gradient Principle A sequence of focusing-defocusing fields provides a stronger net focusing force. Quadrupoles focus horizontally, defocus vertically or vice versa. Forces are proportional to displacement from axis. A succession of opposed elements enable particles to follow stable trajectories, making small oscillations about the design orbit. Technological limits on magnets are high. Focusing Elements: Sextupoles are used to correct longitudinal momentum errors. Focusing ElementsThin Lens Analogy of AG Focusing: Thin Lens Analogy of AG FocusingExamples of Transverse Focusing: Examples of Transverse FocusingRing Studies: Ring Studies Typical example of ring design basic lattice beam envelopes phase advances Importance of matching phase space non-linearities Poincaré maps Electrons and Synchrotron Radiation: Electrons and Synchrotron Radiation Particles radiate when they are accelerated, so charged particles crossing the magnetic dipoles of a lattice in a ring (centrifugal acceleration) emit radiation in a direction tangential to their trajectory. After one turn of a circular accelerator, total energy loss by synchrotron radiation is Proton mass : electron mass = 1836. For the same energy and radius, Synchrotron Radiation: Synchrotron Radiation In electron machines, strong dependence of radiated energy on energy E. Losses must be compensated by cavities Technological limit on maximum energy a cavity can deliver upper band for electron energy in an accelerator: Better to have larger accelerator for same power from RF cavities at high energies. To reach twice LEP energy with same cavities would require a machine 16 times as large. e.g. LEP with 50 GeV electrons, =3.1 km, circumference =27 km: Energy loss per turn is 0.18 GeV per particle energy is halved after 650 revolutions, in a time of 59 ms.Synchrotron Radiation: Synchrotron Radiation Radiation is produced within a light cone of angle For electrons in the range 90 MeV to 1 GeV, is in the range 10-4 - 10-5 degs. Such collimated beams can be directed with high precision to a target - many applications, for example, in industry.Luminosity: Luminosity Measures interaction rate per unit cross section - an important concept for colliders. Simple model: Two cylindrical bunches of area A. Any particle in one bunch sees a fraction N/A of the other bunch. (=interaction cross section). Number of interactions between the two bunches is N2 /A. Interaction rate is R=f N2 /A, and Luminosity CERN and Fermilab p-pbar colliders have L ~ 1030 cm-2s-1. SSC was aiming for L ~ 1033 cm-2s-1Reading: Reading E.J.N. Wilson: Introduction to Accelerators S.Y. Lee: Accelerator Physics M. Reiser: Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams D. Edwards & M. Syphers: An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators M. Conte & W. MacKay: An Introduction to the Physics of Particle Accelerators R. Dilao & R. Alves-Pires: Nonlinear Dynamics in Particle Accelerators M. Livingston & J. Blewett: Particle Accelerators You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
physics of accelerators Nivedi Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1289 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: May 02, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: Jongma (10 month(s) ago) Dear Mr. Prior I would very much like to have a copy of your presentation if possible. I could use it efficiently to educate some of my students on accelerator, synchrotron and free-electron laser physics. If you could provide it soon, I can use parts of it in a presentation I need to give next week. Kind regards: Rienk Jongma Radboud University Nijmegen Project-leader FLARE Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sara262 (16 month(s) ago) plz send me this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: mo3az (23 month(s) ago) thank you very much for that effort, i really needed such a presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Physics of Accelerators: The Physics of Accelerators C.R. Prior Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Trinity College, OxfordContents: Contents Basic concepts in the study of Particle Accelerators (including relativistic effects) Methods of acceleration Linacs and rings Controlling the beam Confinement, acceleration, focusing Animations Synchrotron radiation LuminosityPre-requisites: Basic knowledge for the study of particle beams: applications of relativistic particle dynamics classical theory of electromagnetism (Maxwell’s equations) More advanced studies require Hamiltonian mechanics optical concepts quantum scattering theory, radiation by charged particles Pre-requisitesApplications of Accelerators: Based on possibility of directing beams to hit specific targets production of thin beams of synchrotron light Bombardment of targets used to obtain new materials with different chemical, physical and mechanical properties Synchrotron radiation covers spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, x-ray microscopy, crystallography of proteins. Techniques used to manufacture products for aeronautics, medicine, pharmacology, steel production, chemical, car, oil and space industries. In medicine, beams are used for Positron Emission Tomography (PET), therapy of tumours, and for surgery. Applications of AcceleratorsBasic concepts: Energy of a relativistic particle For v<<c, Relativistic kinetic energy Rest energy Classical kinetic energy c=speed of light 3 108 m/s Basic conceptsBasic concepts: Basic concepts Momentum Connection between E and p: so for ultra-relativistic particles Units: 1eV = 1.6021 x 10-19 joule. E[eV] = where e = electron charge Rest energies: Electron E0 = 511 keV Proton E0 = 938 MeVVelocity v. Kinetic energy: Velocity v. Kinetic energy At low energies, Newtonian mechanics may be used; relativistic formulae necessary at high energiesMotion in electric and magnetic fields: Motion in electric and magnetic fields Governed by Lorentz force Acceleration along a uniform electric field Constant energy with spiralling along a uniform magnetic fieldMethods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Linear accelerator (linac) Vacuum chamber with one or more DC accelerating structures with E-field aligned in direction of motion. Avoids expensive magnets no loss of energy from synchrotron radiation but many structures, limited energy gain/metre large energy increase requires long accelerator Part of the Fermilab linear acceleratorMethods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Circular machines Use magnetic fields to force particles to pass through accelerating fields at regular intervals. Cyclotrons Constant B field Constant accelerating frequency f Spiral trajectories For synchronism f=nw, which is possible only at low energies, ~1. Use for heavy particles (protons, deuterons, -particles). Methods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Isochronous Cyclotron Higher energies => relativistic effects => w no longer constant. Particles get out of phase with accelerating fields; eventually no overall acceleration. Solution: vary B to compensate and keep f constant. Thomas (1938): need both radial (because varies) and azimuthal B-field variation for stable orbits. Construction difficulties.Methods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Synchro-cyclotron Modulate frequency f of accelerating structure instead. McMillan & Veksler (1945): oscillations are stable. Betatron (Kerst 1941) Particles accelerated by rotational electric field generated by time varying B : Theory of “betatron oscillations” Overtaken by development of the synchrotron Methods of Acceleration: Methods of Acceleration Synchrotron Principle of frequency modulation but in addition variation in time of B-field to match increase in energy and keep revolution radius constant. Magnetic field produced by several dipoles, increases linearly with momentum. At high energies: Br = p/q E/qc E[GeV]=0.29979 B[T] r [m] per unit charge. Limitations of magnetic fields => high energies only at large radius e.g. LHC E = 8 TeV, B = 10 T, r = 2.7 km Types of Synchrotron: Types of Synchrotron Storage rings: accumulate particles and keep circulating for long periods; used for high intensity beams to inject into more powerful machines or synchrotron radiation factories. Colliders: two beams circulating in opposite directions, made to intersect; maximises energy in centre of mass frame. Example of variation of parameters with time in a synchrotron Confinement, Acceleration and Focusing of Particles: Confinement, Acceleration and Focusing of Particles By increasing E (hence p) and B together, possible to maintain cyclotron at constant radius and accelerate a beam of particles. In a synchrotron, the confining magnetic field comes from a system of several magnetic dipoles forming a closed arc. Dipoles are mounted apart, separated by straight sections/vacuum chambers including equipment for focusing, acceleration, injection, extraction, experimental areas, vacuum pumps. ISIS dipoleRing Layout: Ring Layout Mean radius of ring R> e.g. CERN SPS R=1100m, =225m Can also have large machines with a large number of dipoles each of small bending angle. e.g. CERN SPS 744 magnets, 6.26m long, angle =0.48o Acceleration: Acceleration A positive charge is accelerated when crossing uniform E-fields. Simple model of an RF cavity: uniform field between parallel plates of a condenser containing small holes to allow for the passage of the beamAcceleration: Acceleration Important concepts in rings: Revolution period Revolution frequency If several bunches in machine, introduce RF cavities in straight sections with oscillating fields h is the harmonic number. Energy increase E when particles pass RF cavities can increase energy only so far as can increase B-field in dipoles to keep constant . Effect on Particles of an RF Cavity: Effect on Particles of an RF Cavity Cavity set up so that centre of bunch, called the synchronous particle, acquires just the right amount of energy. Particles see voltage V0sin2rft=V0sin (t) In case of no acceleration, synchronous particle has s = 0 Particles arriving early see <s Particles arriving late see >s energy of those in advance is decreased wrt synchronous particle and vice versa. To accelerate, make 0 < s< so that synchronous particle gains energy E=qV0sins Bunching EffectLimit of Stability: Not all particles are stable. There is a limit to the stable region (the separatrix or “bucket”) and, at high intensity, it is important to design the machine so that all particles are confined within this region and are “trapped”. Limit of StabilityWeak (Transverse) Focusing: Weak (Transverse) Focusing Particles injected horizontally into a uniform, vertical, magnetic field follow a circular orbit Misalignment errors, difficulty in perfect injection cause particles to drift vertically and radially and to hit walls. severe limitations to a machine Require some kind of stability mechanism Vertical stability requires negative field gradient. i.e. horizontal restoring force is towards the design orbit. Overall stability condition: Weak focusingStrong (Transverse)Focusing - Alternating Gradient Principle: Strong (Transverse)Focusing - Alternating Gradient Principle A sequence of focusing-defocusing fields provides a stronger net focusing force. Quadrupoles focus horizontally, defocus vertically or vice versa. Forces are proportional to displacement from axis. A succession of opposed elements enable particles to follow stable trajectories, making small oscillations about the design orbit. Technological limits on magnets are high. Focusing Elements: Sextupoles are used to correct longitudinal momentum errors. Focusing ElementsThin Lens Analogy of AG Focusing: Thin Lens Analogy of AG FocusingExamples of Transverse Focusing: Examples of Transverse FocusingRing Studies: Ring Studies Typical example of ring design basic lattice beam envelopes phase advances Importance of matching phase space non-linearities Poincaré maps Electrons and Synchrotron Radiation: Electrons and Synchrotron Radiation Particles radiate when they are accelerated, so charged particles crossing the magnetic dipoles of a lattice in a ring (centrifugal acceleration) emit radiation in a direction tangential to their trajectory. After one turn of a circular accelerator, total energy loss by synchrotron radiation is Proton mass : electron mass = 1836. For the same energy and radius, Synchrotron Radiation: Synchrotron Radiation In electron machines, strong dependence of radiated energy on energy E. Losses must be compensated by cavities Technological limit on maximum energy a cavity can deliver upper band for electron energy in an accelerator: Better to have larger accelerator for same power from RF cavities at high energies. To reach twice LEP energy with same cavities would require a machine 16 times as large. e.g. LEP with 50 GeV electrons, =3.1 km, circumference =27 km: Energy loss per turn is 0.18 GeV per particle energy is halved after 650 revolutions, in a time of 59 ms.Synchrotron Radiation: Synchrotron Radiation Radiation is produced within a light cone of angle For electrons in the range 90 MeV to 1 GeV, is in the range 10-4 - 10-5 degs. Such collimated beams can be directed with high precision to a target - many applications, for example, in industry.Luminosity: Luminosity Measures interaction rate per unit cross section - an important concept for colliders. Simple model: Two cylindrical bunches of area A. Any particle in one bunch sees a fraction N/A of the other bunch. (=interaction cross section). Number of interactions between the two bunches is N2 /A. Interaction rate is R=f N2 /A, and Luminosity CERN and Fermilab p-pbar colliders have L ~ 1030 cm-2s-1. SSC was aiming for L ~ 1033 cm-2s-1Reading: Reading E.J.N. Wilson: Introduction to Accelerators S.Y. Lee: Accelerator Physics M. Reiser: Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams D. Edwards & M. Syphers: An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators M. Conte & W. MacKay: An Introduction to the Physics of Particle Accelerators R. Dilao & R. Alves-Pires: Nonlinear Dynamics in Particle Accelerators M. Livingston & J. Blewett: Particle Accelerators