World War Part Deux : World War Part Deux By: Marlena Gaugelmeister, Sahara Scnhiggins, Embily Robineggson and Colon Douglassie
London Conference : London Conference Took place in 1933 and was composed of 66 nations that came together in order to find a solution to the Great Depression
President FDR agreed to send Secretary of State Cordell Hull to the negotiations but withdrew and denounced the other nations for trying to stabilize currencies
The conference adjourned and overall accomplished nothing. However, extreme nationalism did result
Cartoon showing central bank Governors at the 1933 London World Economic Conference.
US relations with foreign countries : US relations with foreign countries The Great Depression caused American to do away with their liabilies to the Phillipine Islands.
American sugar producers wanted to get rid of the Phillipine sugar makers due to competition
The 1934 Tydings- McDuffie Act stated that the Philipines would receive their independence in 1946 after 12 years of economic tutelage.
In 1933 FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union in hopes that the US could trade with the USSR
Filipino sugar plantation workers
Being a Good Neighbor : Being a Good Neighbor U.S. wanted to be a “good neighbor” with Latin America (Good Neighbor Policy)
In 1933 FDR renounced army intervention in Latin America at the 7th Pan-American Conference and 1 year later US marines left Haiti.
Us also lifted troops from Panama, but were urged to take drastic action when Mexican forces seized Yankee oil properties. FDR resisted and worked out a peaceful deal
Reciprocal Trade Agreement : Reciprocal Trade Agreement 1934 the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act was passes which activated low tariff policies while also aiming at relief and recovery by lifting American trade
US hoped that by lowering rates by 50% that other countries would do the same for the US
The agreements paved the way for the free trade economic system
Post WW1 Dictatorships : Post WW1 Dictatorships Many dictatorships sprang up including: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolph Hitler.
1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied themselves forming the Rome -Berlin Axis.
Japan began to gain strength and refused to cooperate with the world. They broke off the Washington Navy Treaty in 1934.
Slide7 : Hitler and Mussolini become allies and form the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936. They tour around Germany and Italy, advertising their union and generating support for the war.
Neutrality : Neutrality 1934 Nye Committee was formed to investigate whether or not manufactures were pro war for the sole purpose of making more profits.
1935-1937 Neutrality Acts stated that when the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect
No American could sail on a belligerent ship
No sale or transport of munitions to a belligerent nation
No loans granted to belligerent nations Members of the Nye Committee
America turns against Spain : America turns against Spain During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), Fascist general Francisco Franco led Spanish rebels to raise up against the republic government
To stay out of the war, the US put an embargo on the government and the rebels
The US isolationism allowed Franco to smother the Democratic Government in Spain
Appeasement : Appeasement In 1937 Japan invaded China. It was not technically called a war by FDR and thus the neutrality restrictions were not enforced, and Chinese were still able to get arms from the U.S.
Meanwhile Hitler began to introduce mandatory military service in Germany, take over the Rhineland, persecute Jews and occupy Austria, all because the European powers were appeasing him.
At the 1938 Munich Conference the Allies agreed to let Hitler have the Sudentenland and 6 months later Hitler defied the Allies when he took over all of Czechoslovakia.
Hitler’s Belligerancy and US Neutrality : Hitler’s Belligerancy and US Neutrality In 1939, the USSR signed a non aggression treaty with Germany.
Britain and France declared war against Germany after Hitler invaded Poland.
Previous neutrality acts forbade the sale or arms to European powers so a new Neutrality act of 1939 allowed European nations to purchase was materials from the US.
1940, Hitler overran Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium. He than turned his forces onto France who fell by late June of 1940.
Signing of the nonaggression treaty
FDR’s responses to the war : FDR’s responses to the war After the fall of France, Roosevelt called for the nation to build up its armed forces.
The cost totaled more than 37million dollars
Roosevelt also had Congress pass the first peacetime draft on Sep. 6, 1940 which allowed for the training of 1.2 millions troops and 800,000 reserves
At the Havana Conference the US warned Germany that it could not take over colonies in the Americas for it would not be tolerated in the US Men line up in front of the drafting office
Aid to Britain : Aid to Britain After the fall of France, Britain began the only power fighting against Germany.
Hitler prepared an invasion scheduled to start in September but was stopped due to defense by the British royal air force.
Britain was in dire need of aircrafts and on Sept. 2, 1940 FDR transferred 50 Destroyers to Britain in return for 8 valuable defense base sites. U.S. destroyer like the ones shipped to Britain in WWII.
Election of 1940 : Election of 1940 Wendell L. Willkie became the Republican candidate facing Franklin D. Roosevelt who was challenging the 2 term tradition
FDR won, for voters felt that if war should come he was the only man able to lead America Vs.
Lend-Lease Law : Lend-Lease Law Britain began to run out of money, but FDR didn’t want to deal with the hassles that came with calling back debts.
He made the Lend-Lease Program in which the US leant arms and ships to nation in need and would return them when no longer needed
The Lend-Lease Bill resulted in America sending 50 billion dollars worth of equipment to Europe.
The Lend-Lease Act was essentially an abandonment of the neutrality policy
Hitler recognized this and before long began to fire upon US ships.
FDR signs the Lend-lease law
Atlantic Charter : Atlantic Charter In 1941,Hitler abandoned his Non-Aggression Pact with the USSR, and attacked them.
The US aid to the USSR through Lend-Lease and a bitter winter stranded German forces at Moscow, marking a turning point in the war.
1941, the Atlantic Conference was held and a result was the Eight Point Atlantic Charter.
Affirmed the right for people to choose their rulers and declared disarmament and security
Destroyers vs. U-boats : Destroyers vs. U-boats To help insure that supplies sent to Britain would reach them successfully, FDR agreed that a convoy would escort them as far as Iceland, where British would take over.
Numerous US Destroyers were attacked by German U-boats on their way to Iceland
By mid Nov. 1941, Congress annulled the Neutrality Act of 1939.
Dreaded German u-boats
Pearl Harbor : Pearl Harbor In the midst of Japanese war with China America imposed embargos on key supplies and the nation had to either end war with China or attack the US.
On Dec 7, 1941, Japanese air bombers attacked Peal Harbor, a naval base in Hawaii, wiping out numerous battle ships and killing 3,000 men.
The next day, the US declared war on Japan and on Dec. 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the US.
America Enters the War : America Enters the War Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor changed many Americans views from isolationist to avengist.
FDR led America in an “attack Germany first” approach to entering the war.
FDR sent “just enough” troops to Japan to keep them in check.
The Atlantic charter dictated America’s promise to attack Germany first and Japan second.
America would have to mobilize quickly if she wanted to properly prepare for war.
Gaining support for the war was left up to clever propaganda. Pro-war poster
Slide20 : America, desperate to raise money for the war raised national spirit with inspirational photos like the one pictured below. With men off at war, women were encouraged to do their part at home by going to work in place of their husbands, sons, and fathers off at war. Anti-Nazism came to an all time high in the U.S. and was utilized as a way to generated support and money for the war.
War Shocks America : War Shocks America The few Hitler supporters faded away.
110,000 Japanese-Americans were placed into relocation camps.
1944 case Korematsu vs. U.S. confirmed the constitutionality of the relocation camps.
Over 40 years later, U.S. government started to pay $20,000 reparations to camp survivors.
Slide22 : Many of the programs introduced by the New Deal were put to an end by the new conservative congress.
Such programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Progress Administration.
FDR recognized that there was no longer any need for the New Deal reform to uplift the economy.
FDR wanted to fight the war with out problems at home.
Preparing for War : Preparing for War The Great Depression was officially ended by massive military orders totaling $100 billion in 1942 alone.
Henry J. Kaiser came up with a new method for building ships.
The War Production Board halted production of nonessential items such a passenger cars.
Unions pledged not to strike but some did anyway. As a result, in 1943 congress passed the Smith-Connelly Anti-Strike Act which allowed the federal government to take over industries threatened by strikes.
Men and Women in WWII : Men and Women in WWII The armed forces in WWII had approximately 15 million men and 216,000 women.
U.S. government created the Bracero Program which brought Mexican workers to America.
Rosie The Riveter became a national symbol for women who took up jobs in the workplace after the men went off to war.
After the war, 2/3 of the Women returned home from the workplace, creating the baby boom
Effects at Home : Effects at Home Wartime industries drew many people into “boomtowns”
FDR used the war as an excuse to “pump” lots of money into the South, resulting in the “Sunbelt”
FDR established the Fair Employment Practices Commission in an attempt to put an end to racism in the workplace.
The mechanical cotton picker reduced the need for manual labor in the cotton fields.
New job opportunities in the city gave Native Americans a reason for abandoning their reservation in exchange for urban life.
A “rubbing of the races” resulted, sparking the 1943 attack on Mexican American navy men and the Detroit race riot. Detroit Race Riot
WWII Financial effects : WWII Financial effects Gross National Product more than doubled.
The WWII bill totaled over $330 billion.
The income tax net was enlarged to provide stability for four times as many people as before, and maximum tax rates rose 90%.
2/5 of the war debt was repaid from U.S. revenues. The rest was borrowed.
Japan Gains Momentum : Japan Gains Momentum
Japan conquered Guam, Wake, the Phillipines, Hong Kong, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and cut off the Burma Road.
U.S. General Douglass MacArthur was forced to sneak away to Australia when the Japanese took over the Philippines. He vowed to returned for revenge.
When Americans surrendered in the battle for the Philippines, they were forced to endure an 80 mile Bataan Death March to POW camps. Burma road
Bataan Death March : Bataan Death March Japanese soldiers stand over the bodies of U.S. army men who have died from sheer exhaustion. U.S. soldiers are led on a “death march” to Japanese POW camps.
America Begins to Fight Back : America Begins to Fight Back Japan continued to overrun the Pacific with its victories at New Guinea and the Soloman Islands. Their onrush was finally put into check by a naval battle fought in the Coral Sea.
Japanese momentum was halted when they tried to seize Midway Island where they were forced to retreat in 1942.
Admiral Raymond Spruance helped to maneuver the U.S. fleet around to win.
The U.S. began a process called “island hopping” to put an end to Japanese momentum. By this process, the Allies would bypass heavily armed islands and take over neighboring islands, starving the resistant forces with lack of supplies. U.S. Island hopping technique
America Heads Towards Tokyo : America Heads Towards Tokyo Americans continued to defeat the Japanese with victories at Guadalcanal in 1942 and New Guinea in 1944.
Through the use of their Island Hopping technique, America also triumphed at the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska in 1943.
America’s new B-29 super bombers could handle roundtrip bombing raids on Japan. These planes allowed the allied forces to commence “around-the-clock” bombing raids over Tokyo and mainland Japan.
B-29 Super bomber B-29 crew
Hitler is Halted…finally : Hitler is Halted…finally German U-boats were very effective at inhibiting the U.S.’s ability to halt the German’s
When America broke the German enigma code, they were able to locate German subs.
In 1942 the British, aided by the U.S. air force launched a raid on Cologne, France.
German military leader Marshall Rommel and his troops traveled to Egypt, dangerously close to the Suez Canal. In 1942, British General Bernard Montgomery defeated Rommel, a devastating blow to the Germans.
Germany also had to deal with the Soviet Union who launched a new counteroffensive. Machine that created the Nazi enigma code.
Triumphant Allies : Triumphant Allies The Soviets requested that the Allies open a second front against Hitler to distract him from Russia.
Europe decided to devise an invasion of Germany through North Africa so that the Allies could attack Germany from the Mediterranean sea.
The Allies then overtook Sicily in 1943.
A secret attack on French-held North Africa was designed by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The German-Italian army was trapped in Tunisia and surrendered in 1943. Allies prepare to invade Sicily
Road To Rome : Road To Rome FDR and Winston Churchill met at the Casablanca Conference and agreed to invade Sicily, and force them to agree to an “unconditional surrender.”
After bitter opposition, Sicily fell in 1943 and Mussolini was deposed.
Two years later Mussolini and his mistress were lynched.
Although Mussolini had been conquered, Germany did not pull out of Italy and fighting continued. Mussolini lynching
D-Day : D-Day At the Tehran Conference Wilson, Churchill, and Stalin aka “the Big Three” met and agreed that the Soviets and the Allies would launch simultaneous attacks.
The Allies launched a huge cross-channel invasion to take French Normandy.
On June 6, 1944 the massive operation dubbed D-Day began
The Allies’ domination of the air over France allowed them block off the railroads and heighten the German fuel shortage.
Allied troops were met with heavy resistance but finally gained momentum, fighting their way deeper into France.
With help from the “French underground” the Allies were able to liberate Paris from German control in 1944. After their success in France, the Allies turned towards Germany, taking Aachen later that year The “big three” at the Tehran Conference D-Day
Slide35 : Top Secret plan to invade French Normandy, a.k.a. the D-day invasion
Election of 1944 : Election of 1944 Thomas E. Dewey was nominated by the Republicans for the Presidency.
FDR was the candidate for the Democrats. His vice presidential candidate was chosen to be Harry S. Truman
FDR, facing WWII problems, was forced to stay in while Dewey went on a “rampaging campaign offensive”
Assistance for Roosevelt’s campaign came from the Political Action Committee.
FDR emerged triumphant because America only trusted FDR to resolve the war and leave America unscathed. Vs.
Hitler’s Rein Comes to an End : Hitler’s Rein Comes to an End
Hitler hoped to catch the American’s off guard and drive them back, creating a “bulge” in the Allies’ line. This battle was thus dubbed the “Battle of the bulge”
Hitler’s plan was halted by the 101st Airborne Division.
Americans reached the Elbe river where they joined Soviet troops and initiated a march towards Berlin.
After entering Germany, American troops were horrified to discover the concentration camps where millions of Jews had been slaughtered.
Hitler recognized his defeat and committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945.
On May 7, 1945 Germany official surrendered and the next day was named V-E Day which stood for Victory in Europe Day.
“Battle of the Bulge” : “Battle of the Bulge”
Japan is hit hard : Japan is hit hard
Attacks such as the firebomb raid on Tokyo that killed over 83,000 people were beginning to wear Japan out.
On October 20, 1944 General MacArthur returned to the Philippines to fulfill his promise to come back after his unfortunate defeat.
When Japan lost the naval battle at the Leyte Gulf, it officially lost its power in the sea.
In 1945, the Island of Iwo Jima was captured to serve as a haven for damaged American bombers returning from Japan.
Okinawa was captured in 1945 and served as a close base from which to blast enemy fortresses.
Japanese Kamikaze pilots went on suicide missions, crashing their planes onto the decks of the Allies fleet. Inspirational picture taken in Iwo Jima after U.S. successfully takes the beach.
The A-bomb : The A-bomb President Truman met with Stalin and other British leaders at the Postdam Conference in Berlin
America had been developing the atomic bomb for quite some time.
Japan refused to surrender to the Allies and consequently, America dropped A-bombs onto the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The A-bombs resulted in insurmountable losses.
Japan sued for peace on one condition: That the current emperor, Hirohito, be allowed to remain in power.
The war in the Pacific officially came to a close on September 2, 1945.
A-bomb Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima Devastation caused by the a-bomb
The Triumphant Allies : The Triumphant Allies By the end of the war, America had officially suffered 1 million casualties.
Thanks to penicillin, very few of the losses suffered were a result of disease and infections.
In WWII, America had the advantage of having excellent generals, admirals, and leaders.
WWII caused industry to rise in America and U.S. exports rose significantly.
Victory Parade
WE WON!!!! : WE WON!!!!