Leonardo’s Laptop:Human Needs and the New Computing TechnologiesBen Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.eduFounding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor, Department of Computer ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742: Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies andamp; Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742
Slide2:
Interdisciplinary research community
- Computer Science andamp; Psychology
- Information Studies andamp; Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly): Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks
Predict and measure
time to learn
speed of performance
rate of human errors
human retention over time
Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
Accommodate individual differences
Consider social, organizational andamp; cultural context
Design Issues: Design Issues Input devices andamp; strategies
Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
Direct manipulation
Menus, forms, commands
Output devices andamp; formats
Screens, windows, color, sound
Text, tables, graphics
Instructions, messages, help
Collaboration andamp; communities
Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI
hcibib.org
useit.com
U.S. Library of Congress: U.S. Library of Congress
Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
Teachers, Students
Visible Human Explorer (NLM): Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors
Surgeons
Researchers
Students
NASA Environmental Data: NASA Environmental Data Scientists
Farmers
Land planners
Students
Bureau of the Census: Bureau of the Census
Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
Teachers, Students
NSF Digital Government Initiative: NSF Digital Government Initiative
Find what you need
Understand what you Find www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/
International Children’s Digital Libary: International Children’s Digital Libary
Zooming User Interfaces: Zooming User Interfaces
www.cs.umd.edu/jazz www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens
Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens: Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens
Information Visualization: Information Visualization The eye…
the window of the soul,
is the principal means
by which the central sense
can most completely and
abundantly appreciate
the infinite works of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 - 1519)
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Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered : Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered
Slide16: Treemap: Newsmap
Slide17: www.hivegroup.com Treemap: Product catalogs
Treemap: Gene Ontology: Treemap: Gene Ontology www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap/
Slide19: LifeLines www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/lifelines/
Slide20: Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about
what computers can do,
The New Computing is about
what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man
Combined science andamp; art
Integrated engineering andamp; esthetics
Balanced technology advances andamp; human values
Merged visionary andamp; practical
Goals for The New Computing: Goals for The New Computing
1) Usable: Reliable andamp; comprehensible
2) Universal: Diverse users andamp; varied equipment
3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
1) Usable: Ending User Frustration : 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration
Goal: make computer usage less frustrating
Identify top ten frustrations
Measure severity andamp; frequency in lost time
Determine if the situation is improving
1) Time diary study: 1) Time diary study
Self reports andamp; observations (111 students)
Pre-session survey:
demographic information
computer experience and attitudes
level of computer anxiety, mood
Users spend 2.5 hours (average)
Report their frustrating experiences
Post-session survey:
assess mood after the session
overall frustration level
loss of time
1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373): 1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373)
1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46%: 1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46% Email OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes Total minutes: 17,453 Minutes lost: 7902 2081 1196 1230 3395
Slide27: 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling
U.S. Department of Commerce
www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/
Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment
Slide28: User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc.
Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access
Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 2) Universal: Diverse Users andamp; Varied Equipment
2) Universal Usability in Practice: 2) Universal Usability in Practice www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/
3) Useful: Generative Theories: 3) Useful: Generative Theories Beneficial theories:
- Descriptive
- Explanatory
- Predictive
- Prescriptive
but the big step forward will be
- Generative Theories
to guide our invention of new technologies
Slide31: Jefferson: Life, Liberty andamp; the Pursuit of Happiness
Roosevelt: Freedom of speech andamp; expression, religion, from want, from fear
Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs
Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Covey: Living, Loving, Learning andamp; Leaving a legacy
3) Theories of Human Needs
Slide32: Relationships
Self: working on your own
Family andamp; Friends: 2-50 close intimates
Colleagues andamp; Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances
Citizens andamp; Markets: 5000 and more
Human Needs for Relationships
Slide33: Activities
Collect: Information
Relate: Communication
Create: Innovation
Donate: Dissemination Human Needs for Activities
Activities and Relationship Table (ART): Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships
Self
Family andamp; Friends
Colleagues andamp; Neighbors
Citizenry andamp; Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
Skeptics corner
- Are relationships more complex?
- Are these useful activities?
Activities and Relationship Table (ART): Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships
Self
Family andamp; Friends
Colleagues andamp; Neighbors
Citizenry andamp; Markets
Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
PhotoFinder: PhotoFinder www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photolib
PhotoMesa: PhotoMesa www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photomesa
Activities and Relationship Table (ART): Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities
Collect Relate Create Donate
Relationships
Self
Family andamp; Friends
Colleagues andamp; Neighbors
Citizenry andamp; Markets
Slide39: Future Directions E-learning: The new education
E-business: The new commerce
E-healthcare: The new medicine
E-government: The new politics
Mega-creativity
Grander Goals andamp; The Next Leonardo
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Three lessons
1) Usable: Reliable andamp; comprehensible
2) Universal: Diverse users andamp; varied equipment
3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil The old computing is about
what computers can do,
The New Computing is about
what people can do
Slide42:
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil 22nd Annual Symposium
June 2-3, 2005
Slide43: Action Items
Developers: Apply usability guidelines andamp; testing methods
Web producers: Develop UU statements
Managers: Provide responsible leadership
Journalists: Raise public expectations
Policy makers: Raise andamp; clarify requirements
Funders: Expand research on usability
Educators: Disseminate scientific results
Researchers: Explore bold new visions Getting to the Golden Age of Usability
ACM Code of Ethics: ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.