Slide1 :
Types of knowledge –andgt; idiographic vs. nomothetic
What is a model?
Simplified structure
Essential components
Purposive
Bridges theory and observation
MODEL
Slide2 : Characteristics of models:
selective
structured
suggestive
approximates reality
reapplication (replication) to real world conditions.
Slide3 : Types of models:
Descriptive versus Normative
Descriptive:
static (equilibrium)
dynamic (historical)
classificatory (taxonomic)
theoretical, symbolic, conceptual, or mental
mathematical: deterministic v. stochastic
Slide4 : Overview of geographic models
locational relativity
geometrical form
0th order: points
1st order: lines, networks
2nd order: areas, states
3rd order: surfaces, terrain.
4th order: space-time
Slide5 : Three-Stage Model for the Analysis of Regional Systems (Chorely and Haggett, 1967) Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model {0,2} 0 1 3 4 0-4 Dimension Stage I. Identification III. Integration II. Form Differentiation Static Static Dynamic
Slide6 : Terminology
dependent – independent variables
causality
deterministic versus stochastic
parameters, variables, parameter estimates
macro-, micro-models
Slide7 : MODEL The big picture….
Slide8 : City (polar axis)
City region (boundaries) System Identification {0,2} Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model Numerical Taxonomy, Local residuals, Regional analogues Regional hierarchies
Formal, functional regions Decision theory (Psychology), Taxonomy (Biology), Discriminant analysis (Statistics) STAGE I
Slide9 : Cities, Settlements, Urban hierarchies System Identification, 0 Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model Rank-size analysis, Nearest-neighbor analysis, Quadrat analysis Central-place theory, Gravity models, Weberian models, Economic base models Point set theory (Mathematics), Organization models (Management), Packing theory (Mathematics) STAGE I
Slide10 : Cities, Settlements, Urban hierarchies Form Differentiation, 1 (Static) Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model Rank-size analysis, Nearest-neighbor analysis, Quadrat analysis Central-place theory, Gravity models, Weberian models, Economic base models Point set theory (Mathematics), Organization models (Management), Packing theory (Mathematics) STAGE II
Slide11 : Urban fields, Density gradients, Land-use intensity Form Differentiation, 3 (Static) Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model Trend-surface analysis, Harmonic analysis, Fourier analysis Gravity models, Absorption models, Intervening-opportunity models, Von Thunen models, Potential models Least-effort models (Sociology), Minimum-energy andamp; Potential models (Phys.), Game theory (Psych.) STAGE II
Slide12 : Innovation waves, Frontier movements, Sequent occupance, Colonization Form Differentiation, 4 (Dynamic) Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model Physical simulation, Monte Carlo models, Markov-chain models, Cellular automata, Agent-based simulation Diffusion models, Migration models, Colonization models. Epidemic theory (Med.), Diffusion theory (Fluid dynamics), Colonization andamp; succession models (Bot.) STAGE II
Slide13 : Regional systems, Internal feedback, Interregional systems, External feedbacks System Integration, 0-4 Geographical Form Spatial Model Analytical Techniques Heritage of Spatial Model Matrix analysis, factor analysis, input-output analysis, Interregional linear programming Regional climax models, Regional multipliers, Growth poles General systems theory, Ecosystems (Biology), Interregional trade theory andamp; multipliers (Econ.) STAGE III