Cutural Values

CULTURAL VALUES : 

CULTURAL VALUES

BELIEFS : 

BELIEFS “Under all that we think lives all we believe, like the ultimate veil of your spirits.” (Spanish poet, Antonio Machado)

BELIEFS : 

BELIEFS something that is accepted as truth. shaped by the individual’s culture reflected in actions and communication basis of values

VALUES : 

VALUES shared ideas about what is true, right and beautiful that underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.

VALUES : 

VALUES A list of things which value deals: Evil vs good Dirty vs clean Dangerous vs safe Decent vs indecent Ugly vs beautiful Abnormal vs normal Irrational vs rational Moral vs immoral

HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENTIONS : 

HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENTIONS INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE POWER DISTANCE MASCULINITY/FEMININITY

INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM : 

INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM INDIVIDUALISM The individual is the single most important unit in any social setting Independence rather than dependence is stressed (-> right to privacy, thoughts and opinions) Individual achievement is rewarded (competition rather than cooperation)

INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM : 

INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM COLLECTIVISM characterized by a rigid framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups. People count on their in-groups (relatives, clans, organizations) to look after them, and in exchange for that they believe they owe absolute loyalty to the group.

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE : 

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceives as unclear or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE : 

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE High uncertainty avoidance cultures try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability for their members, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus, and believing in absolute truth and the attainment of expertise.

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE : 

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE Low uncertainty avoidance cultures more easily accept the uncertainty inherent in life and are not as threatened by deviant people and ideas -> tolerate the unusual. (people willing to take risks, more flexible, as few rules as possible -> less tense, more relaxed.

MASCULINITY/FEMININITY : 

MASCULINITY/FEMININITY Masculinity: values are male oriented: assertive, inambitious, competitive and strive for material success, respect whatever is big, strong and fast. Femininity: stresses nurturing behaviors.

Slide 13: 

Strike while the iron is hot. He who hesitates is lost -> quick action God helps those who helps themselves -> individual initiatives The squeaky wheel gets the grease -> speak up One does not make the wind but is blown by it (Asian cultures) -> fate Sweep only the front of your own door (German) -> dislike of gossip Nothing is done with intelligence is done without speech (Greek) -> importance of talk

Slide 14: 

A zebra does not despise its stripes (Africa) -> accept things as they are A man’s tongue is his sword (Arab) -> value words and use them in a powerful manner Those who know do not speak and those who speak do not know (Confucius) When spider webs unite they can tie up a lion (Ethiopian) -> group solidarity. The spit aimed at the sky comes back to one (Japanese) -> controlling anger

POWER DISTANCE : 

POWER DISTANCE the extent to which the less powerful person in a society accepts inequality in power ad considers it as normal. High power distance cultures accept power as part of society. ( -> centralization of power, great importance placed on status and rank, etc.) Low power distance cultures hold that inequality in society should be minimized

GREEK MYTHOLOGY : 

GREEK MYTHOLOGY GAIA (EARTH) CHAOS 12 TITANS URANUS (SKY) CYCLOPS 100-HAND GIANTS (imprisoned in Gaia’s body -> Cronus released them -> TARTARUS (lowest part of hell)

12 TITANS – 6 GODS : 

12 TITANS – 6 GODS CRONUS (SATURN) – SKY OCEANUS – OCEAN COEUS – INTELLECT HYPERION – SUN CRIUS IAPETUS

12 TITANS – 6 GODDESSES : 

12 TITANS – 6 GODDESSES RHEA – EARTH TETHYS – SEA THEMIS – JUSTICE THEIA – SORCERY PHOEBE – MOON MNEMOSYNE – MEMORY

12 OLYMPIANS : 

12 OLYMPIANS - CRONUS + RHEA => 12 OLYMPIANS CRONUS: swallowed his children (GAIA’s prophecy) RHEA => gave a stone indeed => saved ZEUS => ZEUS tricked into disgoring his children => war between TITANS (elder gods) and OLYMPIANS (younger gods)

6 OLYMPIANS – 1ST GENERATION : 

6 OLYMPIANS – 1ST GENERATION ZEUS (JUPITER) – SKY POSEIDON (NEPTUNE) – SEA HADES (PLUTO) – DEATH HERA (JUNO) – HEAVEN DEMETER (CERES) – FERTILITY HESTIA (VESTA) - HEARTH

6 OLYMPIANS – 2ND GENERATION : 

6 OLYMPIANS – 2ND GENERATION APOLLO – youth, music, prophecy, healing HERMES (MERCURY) – messenger ARES (MARS) – war HEPHAESTUS (VULCAN) – fire ATHENA (MINERVA) – art, craft, war ARTEMIS (DIANA) – childbirth and animal APHRODITE (VENUS) – love and beauty DIONYSUS (BACCHUS) – wine and ecstasy

YIN AND YANG : 

YIN AND YANG TAI-JI

YIN AND YANG : 

YIN AND YANG PASSIVE COLD DEATH WINTER FEMALE NIGHT EVEN MOON WATER ACTIVE HOT LIFE SUMMER MALE DAY ODD SUN FIRE

Slide 24: 

5 ELEMENTS Wood burns producing Fire. Fire leaves behind Earth. Earth is the source of Metal. Metal liquefies into flowing liquid like Water (or another explanation is that Metal when cooled it creates condensation, such as a car left out on a cool night). Water then becomes the nourishment for the Wood. BAGUA FENG SHUI