HarvardClosingtheBab yGap2 16 07

DO BABIES MATTER?Closing the Baby Gap: 

DO BABIES MATTER? Closing the Baby Gap Mary Ann Mason Dean of the Graduate Division University of California, Berkeley February 16, 2007 HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Source: UCOP, “Long Range Planning Presentation,” before the Board of Regents, September 2002 Do Babies Matter project funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Mary Ann Mason, UC Berkeley; Marc Goulden, UC Berkeley; Nick Wolfinger, University of Utah Source: NSF, Survey of Earned Doctorates, taken from Webcaspar.

University of California, Berkeley (2002): 

University of California, Berkeley (2002)

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N=1117 Women Shareholder Partners Part-time Men 14 Large San Francisco Law Firm 51 217 2 Associates 155 195 Shareholder Partners Part-time Associates

Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR): 

Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) A national biennial longitudinal data set of PhD recipients’ post-degree employment experiences funded by the NSF and others, 1973 to present (NEH funded the Humanities, 1977-1995). Includes a ~10% sub-sample of PhD recipients drawn from the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) each year -- and individuals are resurveyed until they reach age 76, leave the country, or refuse to participate (over 160,000 individuals have participated). Response data is weighted based on sampling design and re-weighted each survey cycle, based on attrition (e.g. gender, ethnicity) to reflect US PhD population. Starting in 1979 and 1981, respondents were asked about their marital status (1979) and the number of children (1981) living in their household (under 6, 6-18, etc.). Arguably the best employment dataset in the country.

Heads and Necks of Science PhD Recipients*: 

Heads and Necks of Science PhD Recipients* *PhDs from 1978-1984 Who Are Working in Academia 12 to 14 Years Out from PhD Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Sciences, 1979-1999. Note: The use of NSF Data does not imply the endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report. N=2848 N=3057 N=13058

Heads and Necks of Humanities and Social Science PhDs*: 

Heads and Necks of Humanities and Social Science PhDs* Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Sciences and Humanities, 1979-1995. Note: The use of NSF Data does not imply the endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report. *PhDs from 1978-1984 Who Are Working in Academia 12 to 14 Years Out from PhD N=2973 N=4155 N=7452

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Career Goal at Start of PhD N=941 N=986 N=968 Current Goal Men Women N=930 Current Goal Men Women Career Goal at Start of PhD Changing Career Goals Source: Mason, Mary Ann and Marc Goulden. 2006. “UC Doctoral Student Career Life Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu/grad%20life%20survey.html).

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Career Goal at Start of PhD N=487 N=249 N=248 Current Goal Men Women N=477 Current Goal Men Women Career Goal at Start of PhD Changing Career Goals – PTEM (Physical Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) Source: Mason, Mary Ann and Marc Goulden. 2006. “UC Doctoral Student Career Life Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu/grad%20life%20survey.html).

Reasons Most Commonly Cited by UCB PhD Students for Shifting Career Goal away from Professor with Research Emphasis: 

Reasons Most Commonly Cited by UCB PhD Students for Shifting Career Goal away from Professor with Research Emphasis Source: Mason, Mary Ann and Marc Goulden. 2006. “UC Doctoral Student Career Life Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu/grad%20life%20survey.html). Yellow shading indicates the group’s response is significantly higher than the other group’s response (P<.05). N=262 to 313 107 to 134 154 to 177

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“I feel unwilling to sacrifice a healthy family life and satisfying personal life to succeed in academics, and thus industrial options have become more appealing.” “Fed up with narrow-mindedness of supposedly intelligent people who are largely workaholic and expect others to be so as well.” “I look at the lives of the professors I see every day, and I want to emulate none of them.” “I really want to be a mom. This seems like an extremely difficult goal to align with the goal of being a faculty member at a top university in engineering.” “Since beginning my doctoral work, I have become convinced that very few, if any, female professors are able to have stable, fulfilling family lives of the sort that I wish for (a stable marriage and children).” “Academia is not very supportive of women. There are challenges at every step of the way in terms of having to make choices. I want to be able to have a family, have children and enjoy being a mother and wife which are close to impossible when one chooses academia. The clock is ticking and it does not stop for anything or anyone.” Shifting Goal away from Professor with Research Emphasis: Selected Quality-of-Life Related Explanations by UCB Men & Women Doctoral Students Source: Mason, Mary Ann and Marc Goulden. 2006. “UC Doctoral Student Career Life Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu/grad%20life%20survey.html).

Percentage of UCB Postdocs Who Indicated a Career Goal Shift Away from Academia* : 

Percentage of UCB Postdocs Who Indicated a Career Goal Shift Away from Academia* Source: UC Berkeley and LBNL Postdoc Survey, 1999. Conducted by Maresi Nerad, Joe Cerny, and Linda McPheron. N= 34 104 68 139 51 108 *Among all survey participants.

Average Number of Hours Worked Each Week as a Postdoc: 

Average Number of Hours Worked Each Week as a Postdoc N= 33 99 64 134 49 104 Source: UC Berkeley and LBNL Postdoc Survey, 1999. Conducted by Maresi Nerad, Joe Cerny, and Linda McPheron.

No Presentations at Conferences in the Last Year: 

No Presentations at Conferences in the Last Year N= 29 80 55 120 38 86 Source: UC Berkeley and LBNL Postdoc Survey, 1999. Conducted by Maresi Nerad, Joe Cerny, and Linda McPheron.

“Very Satisfied” or “Satisfied” with Quality of Guidance Received from Postdoc Sponsor*: 

“Very Satisfied” or “Satisfied” with Quality of Guidance Received from Postdoc Sponsor* N= 30 94 62 128 44 103 Source: UC Berkeley and LBNL Postdoc Survey, 1999. Conducted by Maresi Nerad, Joe Cerny, and Linda McPheron. *“Do Not Know” excluded.

The Pool Problem at UC Berkeley: Ladder Rank Faculty: 

The Pool Problem at UC Berkeley: Ladder Rank Faculty *Data prepared by Angelica Stacy, Associate Vice Provost for Faculty Equity, UCB. Potential UCB Applicant Pool is derived from NCES data on PhD degrees granted in 2000, cut to a selected group of top-ranked graduate institutions and cut to relevant disciplinary fields for UCB.

Major Findings: Family Career: 

Major Findings: Family Career Overall, men with “early babies”are 38% more likely than women with “early babies” to achieve tenure. Women with “early babies” leave academia before obtaining their first tenure track job. Single mothers are more successful than married mothers. Women with “late babies” do as well as women without children. Having no babies at all is the dominant success mode for women. Men who have “early babies” do very well. In fact, they do better than all others, including single men and women. A high percentage of mothers slide into the second tier, the part-time, adjunct and lecturer corps: the “gypsy scholars” of the university world. Many women change their career course in graduate school or as postdocs because of family concerns.

Family Status of Tenured Faculty, All Fields*: 

Family Status of Tenured Faculty, All Fields* Men Women *PhDs from 1978-1984 Who Are Tenured 12 Years out from PhD. **Had a child in the household at any point post PhD to 12 years out. Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Sciences, 1979-1999, Humanities, 1979-1995 Note: The use of NSF Data does not imply the endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report. N=10,652 N=32,234

Family Status of Tenured Faculty in the Sciences*: 

Family Status of Tenured Faculty in the Sciences* Men Women *PhDs from 1978-1984 Who Are Tenured 12 Years out from PhD in STEM & Bio. Sciences. **Had a child in the household at any point post PhD to 12 years out. Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Sciences, 1979-1999. Note: The use of NSF Data does not imply the endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report. N=3109 N=19,074

Getting Divorced after the First SDR*: 

Getting Divorced after the First SDR* *For individuals who were married at first post-PhD SDR survey. PhD recipients 1978-1992. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Sciences, 1979-1999, Humanities, 1979-1995. Note: The use of NSF Data does not imply the endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report.

Women Fast-Track Professionals with Babies* in the Household, by Age of Professional: 

Women Fast-Track Professionals with Babies* in the Household, by Age of Professional *Children, Ages 0 or 1 in Household. Source: Census 2000, Pums 5% sample.

Major Findings: Career Family: 

Major Findings: Career Family Only one in three women without children who takes a fast-track university job ever become mothers. Women who achieve tenure are far more likely than men who achieve tenure to be single 12 years out from the PhD — more than twice as likely. If married, women are significantly more likely than men to experience divorce or separation. Women faculty were more than twice as likely as men faculty to indicate they wished they could have had more children — a full 38% of women said so in comparison to 18% of men.

UC Work and Family Survey: History and Response Rates: 

UC Work and Family Survey: History and Response Rates Designed to assess the effectiveness of UC’s existing family friendly policies (as of July 1988) for ladder-rank faculty. UC Berkeley surveyed in Fall 2002. All other (except Merced) campuses surveyed in Spring-Summer 2003.

Everybody is Very Busy (UC Faculty, All Fields): 

Everybody is Very Busy (UC Faculty, All Fields) N=670 1813 670 1146 Source: Mason, Mary Ann, Angelica Stacy, and Marc Goulden. 2003. “The UC Faculty Work and Family Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu).

Everybody is Very Busy (UC Faculty in the Sciences): 

Everybody is Very Busy (UC Faculty in the Sciences) N=168 883 118 524 Source: Mason, Mary Ann, Angelica Stacy, and Marc Goulden. 2003. “The UC Faculty Work and Family Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu).

UC Faculty's Average Hours Per Week Providing Care by Gender, Children, and Age at Survey: 

UC Faculty's Average Hours Per Week Providing Care by Gender, Children, and Age at Survey Source: Mason, Mary Ann, Angelica Stacy, and Marc Goulden. 2003. “The UC Faculty Work and Family Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu). Women w. Children, N=671 Men w. Children, N=1796 Women w/o Children, N=485 Men w/o Children, N=1108

The Baby Lag for UC Women Faculty in Pursuit of Tenure, All Fields: 

The Baby Lag for UC Women Faculty in Pursuit of Tenure, All Fields *Year 0 represents Assistant Professor Hire Date Years Before Hire Date Years After Hire Date Hire Date Hire Date N=2339 Men 982 Women Source: Mason, Mary Ann, Angelica Stacy, and Marc Goulden. 2003. “The UC Faculty Work and Family Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu).

The Baby Lag for UC Women Faculty in Pursuit of Tenure in the Sciences*: 

The Baby Lag for UC Women Faculty in Pursuit of Tenure in the Sciences* **Year 0 represents Assistant Professor Hire Date Years Before Hire Date Years After Hire Date Hire Date Hire Date N=1164 Men 265 Women *Includes STEM & Bio. Science. Source: Mason, Mary Ann, Angelica Stacy, and Marc Goulden. 2003. “The UC Faculty Work and Family Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu).

Major Reasons Eligible UC Parents Did Not Use ASMD (Active Service Modified Duties): 

Major Reasons Eligible UC Parents Did Not Use ASMD (Active Service Modified Duties) N=497 96 454 119 592 160 460 132 Please note: these questions were based on Robert Drago’s Mapping Project Survey Instrument (http://lsir.la.psu.edu/workfam/facultysurvey.htm). Source: Mason, Mary Ann, Angelica Stacy, and Marc Goulden. 2003. “The UC Faculty Work and Family Survey.” (http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu).

New Family Friendly Initiatives for UC Berkeley Ladder-Rank Faculty : 

Active Service-Modified Duties (ASMD) — Provides teaching relief for parents with “substantial” caregiving responsibilities for a newborn or new adoptee: two semesters/quarters for birth mothers. Funded centrally to defray the cost to departments. An entitlement. Tenure-Clock Stoppage — Adds one year extension to the tenure clock for tenure-track faculty parents with “substantial” caregiving responsibilities for a newborn or new adoptee (one year per birth/adoption event, with a two-year cap). An entitlement. Flexible Part-time Option — To allow tenure-track faculty, pre- and post-tenure, to go from full- to part-time as life needs arise (i.e. caregiving responsibilities). Would encourages departments to take into account part-time status in advancement decisions. Under review. School for Chairs — Promotes the use of family friendly policies, resources and benefits. Soon to be launched. New Family Friendly Initiatives for UC Berkeley Ladder-Rank Faculty

Creating a Family Friendly Department: Chairs and Deans ToolkitUC Faculty Family Friendly Edge: 

Creating a Family Friendly Department: Chairs and Deans Toolkit UC Faculty Family Friendly Edge Excerpts: Legal case examples In a tenure-denial lawsuit involving a reported tentative settlement of $495,000, the provost at the University of Oregon allegedly told another professor that the mother’s decision to “stop the clock” was a “red flag;” the department chair also wrote in a memo that she “knew as a mother of two infants, she had responsibilities that were incompatible with those of a full-time academician.” [ref: Joan C. Williams, 2004. “Hitting the Maternal Wall,” Academe, 90(6)8-12.] Faculty quotes about negative responses from chairs to requests for family accommodations “I want to emphasize that the greatest source of work-related stress in relation to having a child has been the hostility and recalcitrance of my chair who announced that he thought of ASMD as a ‘special privilege’ and who fought it all the way.” – Female faculty member

Graduate Student Parent Resources at UC Berkeley: 

Graduate Student Parent Resources at UC Berkeley New Initiatives Paid Childbirth Leave (approved February 2007) Expanded infant/toddler/preschool slots in a new Child Development Center (opened January 2007) UC Families: an online newsletter and resource for students, staff, and faculty at all UC campuses who seek to balance academic goals or careers with family life. See http://parents.berkeley.edu/ucfamilies ‘Stopping the Clock’: Extensions to academic milestones (preliminary exams, qualifying exams, Normative Time completion) Continuing Initiatives Family Student Housing (two large complexes) Children’s Center & Family Resource Center (located in Family Housing) Student Parent Center (located in Student Center) Breastfeeding Support Program (Student Health Center & campus locations) Graduate Student Parent Grant (funded by Graduate Division, administered by Financial Aid Office)

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ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu