Animal Kingdom Vertebrates : Animal Kingdom Vertebrates Biology 1
What is a Chordate? : What is a Chordate? All chordates have 4 basic features that are present at some point during their life cycle
Hollow Nerve Cord – Nerve cord in which nerves branch out at regular intervals
Notochord – Long supporting rod that runs throughout body
Pharyngeal Pouches – Paired structures in throat
Muscular Tail – Extends beyond anus
Only 4-5% of animals are chordates
Examples = Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
Chordate Cladogram : Section 30-1 Nonvertebrate chordates Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Invertebrate ancestor Chordate Cladogram
The Generalized Structure of a Chordate : Section 30-1 The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
Fish – Basic Facts : Fish – Basic Facts Fish live in nearly every single aquatic habitat imaginable
Fish are aquatic vertebrates characterized by fins, scales, and gills
Fish were the first vertebrates to evolve.
Fish bring in Oxygen rich water through gills and remove oxygen poor water through gill slits
Closed circulatory system
Four chambered heart
Swim bladder controls buoyancy
Most are egg laying
Most move by contracting opposite muscles (S Shaped)
Groups of Fish : Groups of Fish Jawless Fish –
Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth.
Have no bones
Only vertebrates with no vertebral column as adults
Lampreys, Hagfish
Chondrichthyes –
Skeleton built entirely of cartilage
Sharks, sea rays
Osteichthyes –
Bony Fish
Majority of fish fall in this order
Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.
Slide7 : Lamprey – Jawless Fish Catfish - Osteichthyes Sea Ray - Chondrichthyes Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes
Amphibians – Basic Facts : Amphibians – Basic Facts Amphibian = “double life”
Live in both water and land
Most larvae are fishlike; adults are terrestrial carnivores
Larvae respire through skin/gills; Adults use lungs
Descendants of ancestral organisms that evolved some, not all, adaptations for life on land
First appeared 360 million years ago
External fertilization
Closed circulatory system; three chambered heart
The Life Cycle of a Frog : Section 30-3 Adult Frog Young Frog Fertilized Eggs Tadpoles Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years. Frog eggs are laid in water and
undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. The Life Cycle of a Frog
Slide10 : that allow for are that provide that allow are and have special adaptations such as larvæ they live in adults they live on Section 30-3 means as Amphibians “Double life”
Groups of Amphibians : Groups of Amphibians Salamanders –
Long bodies and tails
Adults are carnivorous
Usually live in moist woods
Frogs and Toads –
Lack tails
Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to water
Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water
Caecilians –
Legless animals that burrow in moist soil
Have fishlike scales
Slide12 : Spotted Salamander Poison Dart Frog Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian
Reptiles – Basic Facts : Reptiles – Basic Facts All reptiles have:
Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body water in dry environments
Terestrial eggs – first animals to develop amniotic eggs that didn’t need to be deposited in water
Respire using lungs
Internal Fertilization; Most are egg-laying
Ectotherms – cannot internally regulate body temperature; cannot live in cold climates
Behavior controls body temp. (swimming, burrowing, basking, etc.)
Closed circulatory system; double loop;
Heart = two atria/one or two ventricles
Groups of Reptiles : Groups of Reptiles Lizards and Snakes
Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable eyelids
Highly evolved specialized forms (venom)
Crocodiles and Alligators
Long, typically broad snout and squat appearance
All are carnivorous
Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouth
Live in tropics and subtropics
Alligators live in freshwater
Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater
Groups of Reptiles (con.) : Groups of Reptiles (con.) Turtles and Tortoises –
All are shelled
Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial
Tuatara –
Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands
Slide16 : Coral Snake Sea Turtle Galapagos Tortoise Tuatara
Slide17 : Nile Crocodile North American Alligator
Birds – Basic Facts : Birds – Basic Facts Nearly 10,000 modern bird species
Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on legs)
Have outer covering made of feathers, two legs used for walking or perching, and forelimbs modified into wings
Feathers separate birds from all other animal species
Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body heat
Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat
Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only exposed to Oxygen rich air
Internal fertilization; amniotic eggs; many mate for life
Slide19 : Section 31-2 which are that also that power that provide that ensure have the following adaptations to flight Birds
Groups of Birds : Groups of Birds More than thirty orders of birds
Some of the most common
Perching Birds – largest order; many are songbirds (sparrows, crows, cardinals, etc.)
Birds of Prey – fierce predators with hooked bills; large talons (condors, hawks, owls, eagles, etc.)
Herons & Relatives – Wade in aquatic habitats (storks, herons, cranes)
Ostriches & Relatives – flightless birds move by running or swimming (ostriches, emus, etc.)
Slide21 : Purple Finch Red-Tailed Hawk Stork Emu
Mammals – Basic Facts : Mammals – Basic Facts First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago
Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct – 65 million years ago
Basic characteristics
Hair
Mammary glands – produce milk to nourish young
Breathe air
Four chambered heart
Endotherms – can generate own body heat
Internal fertilization; care for young
Slide23 : Section 32-2 Characteristics Examples Long, narrow snouts, sharp claws
Water-dwelling, slow-moving
Live and breed in ocean, come to surface to breathe
Winged, capable of true flight
Single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws
Shrews, hedgehogs, moles
Manatees, dugongs
Whales, dolphins
Bats
Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, chinchillas
Slide24 : Section 32-2 Hoofed, with an odd number of toes on each foot
Sharp teeth and claws
Hoofed, with an even number of toes on each foot
Trunks
Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, zebras
Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels
Asian and African elephants, mastodons and mammoths
Slide25 : Section 32-2 Two pairs of incisors in upper jaw, hind legs allow leaping
No teeth (or very small teeth in the back of the jaw)
Highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors
Snowshoe hares, rabbits
Sloths, anteaters, armadillos
Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans