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Introduction and Syllabus: 

Jizhong Xiao Department of Electrical Engineering City College of New York jxiao@ccny.cuny.edu Introduction and Syllabus Introduction to ROBOTICS

Outline: 

Outline Introduction What is a Robot? Why use Robots? Robot History Robot Applications Syllabus Prerequisite, topics Textbook and references Office hours and contact Homework, exams, grading policy Robotics Activities at CCNY

What is a robot?: 

What is a robot? Origin of the word “robot” Czech word “robota”– labor, “robotnik” – workman 1923 play by Karel Capek – Rossum’s Universal Robots Definition: (no precise definition yet) Webster’s Dictionary An automatic device that performs functions ordinarily ascribed to human beings washing machine = robot? Robotics Institute of American A robot (industrial robot) is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices, through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.

What is a robot?: 

What is a robot? Hollywood’s imagination R2-D2 Star Wars 3PO

What is a robot?: 

What is a robot? By general agreement, a robot is: A programmable machine that imitates the actions or appearance of an intelligent creature–usually a human. To qualify as a robot, a machine must be able to: 1) Sensing and perception: get information from its surroundings 2) Carry out different tasks: Locomotion or manipulation, do something physical–such as move or manipulate objects 3) Re-programmable: can do different things 4) Function autonomously and/or interact with human beings

Types of Robots: 

Types of Robots Robot Manipulators Mobile Manipulators

Types of Robots: 

Types of Robots Humanoid Legged robots Underwater robots Wheeled mobile robots Aerial Robots Locomotion

Mobile Robot Examples: 

Mobile Robot Examples Hilare II http://www.laas.fr/~matthieu/robots/ Sojourner Rover NASA and JPL, Mars exploration

Autonomous Robot Examples: 

Autonomous Robot Examples

Autonomous helicopter : 

Autonomous helicopter Goal: To develop a vision-guided robot helicopter which can autonomously carry out functions applicable to search and rescue, surveillance, law enforcement, inspection, mapping, and aerial cinematography, in any weather conditions and using only on-board intelligence and computing power http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/chopper/www/haughton-do.html

Why Use Robots?: 

Why Use Robots? Application in 4D environments Dangerous Dirty Dull Difficult 4A tasks Automation Augmentation Assistance Autonomous

Why Use Robots?: 

Why Use Robots? Increase product quality Superior Accuracies (thousands of an inch, wafer-handling: microinch) Repeatable precision  Consistency of products Increase efficiency Work continuously without fatigue Need no vacation Increase safety Operate in dangerous environment Need no environmental comfort – air conditioning, noise protection, etc Reduce Cost Reduce scrap rate Lower in-process inventory Lower labor cost Reduce manufacturing lead time Rapid response to changes in design Increase productivity Value of output per person per hour increases

Pre-History of Robots: 

Pre-History of Robots Automata: a machine or control mechanism designed to follow automatically a predetermined sequence of operations or respond to encoded instructions

Automata: 

Automata Europe

Automata: 

Automata Asia

Robot History: 

Robot History 1961 George C. Devol obtains the first U.S. robot patent, No. 2,998,237. Joe Engelberger formed Unimation and was the first to market robots First production version Unimate industrial robot is installed in a die-casting machine 1962 Unimation, Inc. was formed, (Unimation stood for "Universal Automation")

Robot History: 

Robot History The patent and industrial robot

Robot History: 

Robot History What an industrial robot must have? 1968 Unimation takes its first multi-robot order from General Motors. 1966-1972 "Shakey," the first intelligent mobile robot system was built at Stanford Research Institute, California.

Robot History: 

Robot History Shakey (Stanford Research Institute) the first mobile robot to be operated using AI techniques Simple tasks to solve: To recognize an object using vision Find its way to the object Perform some action on the object (for example, to push it over) http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/book98/fig.ch2/p027.html

Shakey: 

Shakey

Robot History: 

Robot History 1969 Robot vision, for mobile robot guidance, is demonstrated at the Stanford Research Institute. Unimate robots assemble Chevrolet Vega automobile bodies for General Motors. 1970 General Motors becomes the first company to use machine vision in an industrial application The Consight system is installed at a foundry in St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada.

The Stanford Cart: 

The Stanford Cart 1973-1979 Stanford Cart Equipped with stereo vision. Take pictures from several different angles The computer gauged the distance between the cart and obstacles in its path Hans Moravec http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/

The Stanford Cart: 

The Stanford Cart

Robot History: 

Robot History 1978 The first PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) robot is developed by Unimation for General Motors. 1981 IBM enters the robotics field with its 7535 and 7565 Manufacturing Systems. 1983 Westinghouse Electric Corporation bought Unimation, Inc., which became part of its factory automation enterprise. Westinghouse later sold Unimation to Staubli of Switzerland.

Industrial Robot --- PUMA: 

Industrial Robot --- PUMA

Installed Industrial Robots: 

Installed Industrial Robots Japan take the lead, why?  Shortage of labor, high labor cost

How are they used?: 

How are they used? Industrial robots 70% welding and painting 20% pick and place 10% others Research focus on Manipulator control End-effector design Compliance device Dexterity robot hand Visual and force feedback Flexible automation

Robot Arm Dexterity : 

Robot Arm Dexterity

Robotics: a much bigger industry: 

Robotics: a much bigger industry Robot Manipulators Assembly, automation Field robots Military applications Space exploration Service robots Cleaning robots Medical robots Entertainment robots

Field Robots: 

Field Robots

Field Robots: 

Field Robots

Service robots: 

Service robots

Service robots: 

Service robots http://www.irobot.com/ iRobot Scooba Robot iRobot Verro 600 Pool Cleaning Robot

Your servant?: 

Your servant?

What is AI: 

What is AI Knowledge representation Understanding natural language Learning Planning and problem solving Inference Search Vision

Learning and Evolution: 

Learning and Evolution Learning Skills vs Task (Map acquisition) Learning Methods Learning by instruction Learning by imitation Learning by skill transfer Evolution and adaptation

The early stage of AI: 

The early stage of AI

The start of AI: 

The start of AI

Autonomous and Intelligence: 

Autonomous and Intelligence

The Honda Humanoid (1997): 

The Honda Humanoid (1997)

Humanoid: 

Humanoid

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications Manufacture Industry Assembling Automation Biotechnology Micro/Nano manipulation Sample Handling Automated Analysis

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications Military Applications

Military Applications: 

Military Applications DARPA Programs: (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Tactical Mobile Robotics

DARPA Grand Challenge: 

DARPA Grand Challenge 2004, no team entry completed the designated route Best result: Red Team (CMU) - 7.4 miles $1 million prize unclaimed 2005, 5 teams finished 132 miles Results: Stanley (Stanford) - 6h 54m Red Team (CMU) - 7h 5m Red Team 2 (CMU) - 7h 14m $2 million prize awarded to stanford Field test of autonomous ground vehicles. Desert terrain featuring natural and man-made obstacles.  The route not revealed until 2 hours before the event begins.

DARPA Urban Challenge: 

DARPA Urban Challenge Autonomous ground vehicles maneuvering in a mock city environment: executing simulated military supply missions while merging into moving traffic, navigating traffic circles, negotiating busy intersections, and avoiding obstacles. November 3, 2007

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications Fire Fighting, Search and Rescue

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications NASA/DARPA Robonaut project: a humanoid robot that can function as an astronaut equivalent for spacewalks. Human operators on earth can control the robot’s movements from distance. Website: http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er_er/html/robonaut/robonaut.html Space Robotics: Mars Exploration Rovers: Spirit and Opportunity --- twin robot geologists, landed on Mars: Jan 3, and Jan 24, 2004, and still alive, today in 2006! Website: http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications Robots for Assistive Technology

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications Entertainment Industry

Robot Applications: 

Robot Applications Entertainment Robots Sony-Qrio

Personal Robot?: 

Personal Robot? Just as the personal computer is used for automated information management even in households, robots can be used to execute domestic tasks. Manipulation of bits of information (PC) Manipulation of physical objects (PR) http://www.personalrobots.com

Architecture of Robotic Systems: 

Architecture of Robotic Systems Mechanical Structure Kinematics model Dynamics model Actuators: Electrical, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Artificial Muscle Computation and controllers Sensors Communications User interface Power conversion unit Environmental sensors Motion planner Controller Mechanical Structure Configuration sensor

Summary: 

Summary Robotics--interdisciplinary research Mechanical design Computer science and engineering Electrical engineering Cognitive psychology, perception and neuroscience Research open problems Manipulation, Locomotion Control, Navigation Human-Robot Interaction Learning & Adaptation (AI)

Outline: 

Outline Introduction What is a Robot? Why use Robots? Robot History Robot Applications Syllabus Prerequisite, topics Textbook and references Office hours and contact Homework, exams, grading policy Robotics Activities at CCNY

Syllabus: 

Syllabus Course Website: http://www-ee.ccny.cuny.edu/www/web/jxiao/G5501-F07.htm Prerequisite: EE371 (System and Control) Get permission from instructor Grading: Homework: 30% Midterm: 30% Final Exam: 40% Office hours: TuTh 1:00pm-2:00pm Office: Steinman Hall, T534 Email: jxiao@ccny.cuny.edu Website: http://robotics.ccny.cuny.edu

Topics: 

Topics Robot Manipulator Kinematics model of manipulators Dynamic Model of manipulators Trajectory generation Robot Control Mobile Robot Kinematic and dynamic model of various wheeled mobile robots  Feedback control of mobile robots with nonholonomic constraints Motion planning Mapping and Navigation Robot Sensing: Visual and non-visual sensors Sensor fusion algorithms Vision and laser based tracking control

Outline: 

Outline Introduction What is a Robot? Why use Robots? Robot History Robot Applications Syllabus Prerequisite, topics Textbook and references Office hours and contact Homework, exams, grading policy Robotics Research at CCNY

CCNY Robotics Lab: 

CCNY Robotics Lab Ground Robots at CCNY Wall-Climbing Robots at CCNY

Some Current Projects: 

Some Current Projects PRISM Center Project Funding Agency: NSF Computing Research Infrastructure Program City-Climber Project Funding Agencies: Army Research Office, NSF Career grant Smart Brain Project Funding Agency: NSF

Shaping the PRISM: 

Shaping the PRISM Center for Perceptual Robotics, Intelligent Sensors & Machines (PRISM) @ CCNY Objectives: To enhance comprehensive multidisciplinary research and education infrastructure at CCNY To foster collaboration to carry out nationally competitive research in robotics, vision, wireless communication, human-computer interaction, etc. To make CCNY a national urban model for minority education in robotics and related fields.

City-Climber Robot Project: 

City-Climber Robot Project Project Title: Cooperative Wall-climbing Robots in 3D Environments for Surveillance and Target Tracking Objective: To develop a modular, re-configurable, wall-climbing robotic system To investigate intelligent control methods and vision algorithms to control and coordinate a team of such robots to perform various defense, security, and inspection missions.

City-Climbers at Work: 

City-Climbers at Work

Applications: 

Applications Building Inspection New York City law mandates the inspection of building facades every 5 years Manual Inspection: time-consuming, expensive, at a risk to the human workers Automate the process by wall-climbing robots Urban warfare application surveillance, reconnaissance, intelligence gathering about a hostile situation in a building tools/weapon delivery, etc. Manual Inspection of building facades: 2 workers and 1 engineer riding on suspended scaffold

Robotics Outreach Activities: 

Robotics Outreach Activities CCNY Autonomous Vehicle Design Club CCNY Robotics Club IGVC-CCNY 2007 http://www.igvc-ccny.org/ http://ccnyrobotics.org/

Robotics Outreach Activities: 

Robotics Outreach Activities CCNY Robotics Club FIRST robotics competition

Thank you!: 

Thank you!