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Getting Back to BackAlternative behaviors for a Web browser’s Back button: 

Getting Back to Back Alternative behaviors for a Web browser’s Back button Saul Greenberg University of Calgary Canada HFWEB June 3, 1999 Andy Cockburn University of Canterbury New Zealand

Note: 

Note These slides were presented at the HFWeb Conference. All concepts and systems were demonstrated live to show how they worked in practice. These demonstrations cannot be included here for technical reasons.

Getting Back to BackAlternative behaviors for a Web browser’s Back button: 

Getting Back to Back Alternative behaviors for a Web browser’s Back button HFWEB June 3, 1999 Outline how revisitation is supported why Back is good various Back behaviors current / future work

Motivation: 

Motivation People revisit pages with surprising frequency ~6 out of 10 pages visited seen before! Tauscher andamp; Greenberg Catledge andamp; Pitkow

How is Revisitation Supported?: 

How is Revisitation Supported? History lists

How is Revisitation Supported?: 

How is Revisitation Supported? History lists Bookmarks / Favorites

How is Revisitation Supported?: 

History lists How is Revisitation Supported? Bookmarks Site maps

How is Revisitation Supported?: 

How is Revisitation Supported? History lists Bookmarks Site maps

How is Revisitation Supported?: 

History lists How is Revisitation Supported? Bookmarks Site maps Searches

How is Revisitation Supported?: 

How is Revisitation Supported? History lists Bookmarks Site maps Searches Back button

The Lowly Back Button: 

The Lowly Back Button Pressing Back accounts for 30 - 37% of all navigational acts! Tauscher andamp; Greenberg Catledge andamp; Pitkow

Why Back is Good: 

Why Back is Good Recency effect

Why Back is Good: 

Why Back is Good Recency Visual economy

Why Back is Good: 

Why Back is Good Recency Visual economy Recognition vs decision making

Why Back is Good: 

Why Back is Good Recency Visual economy Recognition Robust use with naïve models A test with a biased sample… Cockburn andamp; Jones

Research Agenda: 

Research Agenda Can ‘Back’ have 'better' behavior? stack recency adding spokes hub and spoke temporal re-ordering

Stack: 

Stack animals animals Push animals User navigates to ‘cats’ ungulate land mammals feline cat

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals mammals animals User navigates to ‘cats’ Push mammal ungulate land feline cat

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land land mammals animals User navigates to ‘cats’ Push land ungulate feline cat

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land feline feline land mammals animals User navigates to ‘cats’ Push feline ungulate cat

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land feline cat cat feline land mammals animals User navigates to ‘cats’ Push cat ungulate

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land feline cat Move pointer User clicks back twice cat feline land mammals animals ungulate

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land feline cat Move pointer User clicks back twice cat feline land mammals animals ungulate

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land feline cat cat feline land mammals animals Pop User selects ungulate. cat andamp; feline popped off stack ungulate

Stack: 

Stack animals mammals land feline cat ungulate land mammals animals ungulate ..and ungulate pushed onto it Push ungulate

Stack: 

Stack automatically prunes branches popped pages cannot be returned to via Back model poorly communicated surprises but people can deal with it

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes Add all non-Back pages seen to a recency-ordered history list Back: just move a pointer through list

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... land ... add ... land feline cat cougar lion tiger ® land ® feline® cat

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... feline land ... add ... land feline cat cougar lion tiger ® land ® feline® cat

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... cat feline land ... ® land ® feline® cat add ... land feline cat cougar lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... cat feline land ... land feline cat catÜ feline ® cougar move pointer cougar lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... cougar cat feline land ... add cougar land feline cat cougar catÜ feline ® cougar lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... cougar cat feline land ... land feline cat cougar move pointer cougarÜ catÜ feline ® lion lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... cougar cat feline land ... land feline cat cougar move pointer cougarÜ catÜ feline ® lion lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... lion cougar cat feline land ... cougarÜ catÜ feline ® lion add lion land feline cat cougar lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... lion cougar cat feline land ... land feline cat cougar lion tiger move pointer lionÜ cougarÜ catÜ feline ® tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... lion cougar cat feline land ... land feline cat cougar move pointer lion tiger lionÜ cougarÜ catÜ feline ® tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... lion cougar cat feline land ... land feline cat cougar move pointer lion tiger lionÜ cougarÜ catÜ feline ® tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes ... tiger lion cougar cat feline land ... lionÜ cougarÜ catÜ feline ® tiger add tiger land feline cat cougar lion tiger

Recency: Adding spokes: 

Recency: Adding spokes history list is complete all pages are reachable hub and spoke navigation much more work than stack vs. 2n - 1

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke As before, but add non-Back URLs and its parent hub

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... cat feline land ... navigate ... ® land ® feline® cat add in order land feline cat tiger cougar lion

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... cat feline land ... land feline cat move pointer cat Ü feline ® cougar cougar tiger lion

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... cougar feline cat feline land ... cat Ü feline ® cougar add feline, cougar land feline cat cougar tiger lion

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... cougar feline cat land ... cat Ü feline ® cougar add feline, cougar land feline cat cougar tiger lion

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... cougar feline cat land ... land feline cat cougar tiger lion move pointer cougar Ü feline ® lion

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... lion feline cougar feline cat land ... cougar Ü feline ® lion add feline, lion land feline cat cougar lion tiger

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... lion feline cougar cat land ... cougar Ü feline ® lion add feline, lion land feline cat cougar lion tiger

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... tiger feline lion cougar cat land ... lion Ü feline ® tiger land feline cat cougar lion move pointer tiger

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke ... tiger feline lion cougar cat land ... lion Ü feline ® tiger add feline, tiger land feline cat cougar lion tiger

Recency: Hub and Spoke: 

Recency: Hub and Spoke all pages reachable improved efficiency for hub andamp; spoke browsing same as stack temporal order not maintained a®b®c®d®eÜdÜc®i {a,b,e,d,c,i} order seen {a,b,d,e,c,i} history list

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering Back + forward -andgt; add to 2nd history list on new navigation add pages on 2nd history list add new page

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering cat feline land mammals ... mammals land feline cat mammals ® land ® feline® cat add in order

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering cat feline land mammals ... mammals land feline cat cat Ü feline Ü land ® ungulates feline ungulate add

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering cat feline land mammals ... mammals land feline cat cat Ü feline Ü land ® ungulates land feline ungulate add

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering land feline cat feline land mammals mammals land feline cat ungulate land ® ungulates add land feline

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering ungulates land feline cat mammals mammals land feline cat ungulate land ® ungulates add ungulates

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering ungulates land feline cat mammals mammals land feline cat ungulate recency stack ungulates land mammals

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering: 

Recency: Temporal Re-ordering all pages reachable hub and spoke efficiency same as stack retains ‘correct’ order of pages on list navigating further up the tree goes through intervening children

Beyond Back: 

Beyond Back Distant items?

Beyond Back: 

Beyond Back Can we integrate... Back stack recency History list Local search Bookmarks/Favorites readwear dogears

A prototype system: 

A prototype system

Summary: 

Summary Minor improvements to Back worth it No clear answer yet needs user testing Further design innovations possible integrated revisitation facility

For further information...: 

For further information... www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/grouplab/papers/ Getting Back to Back Beyond the Back button How People Revisit Web Pages Cockburn, Greenberg, Tauscher