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Emergence & growth of counseling services…: 

Emergence & growth of counseling services… Under d guidance of presented by: Mr. Ashish juneja Niharika Singhal

Counseling: 

Counseling Counseling is a process of helping the person who is upset emotionally and enabling him to take decisions…… Subordinate-centered communication that outlines actions necessary for subordinates to achieve individual and organizational goals.

Slide 3: 

The Effects of Counseling on the Organization Develops subordinates Strengthens the chain of command Provides opportunity for leader growth

Some Basic Principles: 

Some Basic Principles Each client must be accepted as an individual and dealt with as such (the counselor does not necessarily approve of all behavior, but still accepts the client as a person). Counseling is basically a permissive relationship; that is, the individual has permission to say what they please without being reprimanded or judged. Counseling emphasizes thinking with ; not for the individual. All decision-making rests with the client. Tony Thampi

Some Basic Principles: 

Some Basic Principles Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the client. Counseling is a learning situation which eventually results in a behavioral change. Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on the readiness of the client to make changes and the therapeutic relationship with the counselor. The counseling relationship is confidential. Tony Thampi

Evolution of counselling over years: 

Evolution of counselling over years The historical development of counseling may conveniently classified into four periods… Period 1 (1850-1900) Period 2 (1900-1930) Period 3 (1930-1940) Period 4 (1940 onwards)

Period 1: 

Period 1 The Vocational Guidance Movement Lysander S. Richards and Vocophy : The first to envision the role of a counselor or “ vocopher ” in helping people choose professions. Frank Parsons: “The father of the guidance movement,” and credited with being the first true counselor. He used a scientific process to help people choose careers.

Slide 8: 

Jessie B. Davis: Brought vocational counseling into the schools. Wilhelm Wundt: In the late 1870’s, in Germany, he founded the first experimental psychology laboratory and studied the human mind.

Slide 9: 

Dorothea Dix: In the early 1800’s, she advocated for the establishment of institutions that would treat people with emotional disorders in a human manner James Cattell : He was the first person to focus on ways to measure intelligence in the 1890’s .

Period 2: 

Period 2 The Vocational Guidance Movement (continued) Anna Y. Reed and Eli Weaver: In the early 1900’s they established counseling services based upon the concept of Social Darwinism. National Vocational Guidance Association: Established in 1913, it advocated counseling in regard to career choice.

The Mental Health Counseling Movement : 

The Mental Health Counseling Movement Clifford Beers: Founded the Mental Hygiene Movement in the early 1900’s after his own experiences within a mental hospital. William Healy, M. D. : In 1908, he established the first community psychiatric clinic. William James: He carried on Wundt’s work regarding the human mind in the United States. Granville Stanley Hall: He proposed a scientific approach to the study of social problems. He also founded the first psychology lab in the United States.

Slide 12: 

William James: He carried on Wundt’s work regarding the human mind in the United States. Granville Stanley Hall: He proposed a scientific approach to the study of social problems. He also founded the first psychology lab in the United States. L. M. Terman : Revised the Binet -Simon test to be used in the United States. It was called the Stanford- Binet as Terman was from Stanford University. At this time the term IQ (Intelligence Quotient) began to be used.

Slide 13: 

Army Alpha and Beta Tests: These were used during WWI to help decide placement for soldiers. This ushered in the proliferation of standardized testing. 1917: The Smith-Hughes Act created funding for a nationwide vocational education program.

Period 3: 

Period 3 The Development of Professional Identity E. G. Williamson: Developed what some consider to be the first theory of vocational counseling and utilized a directive counselor-centered approach which came to be known as the “Minnesota point of view.” Dictionary of Occupational Titles: This was published in 1938 and provided counselors with a basic resource to match people with occupations .

Slide 15: 

1938 George-Dean Act: Appropriated 14 million dollars for vocational education. David Spence Hill: He organized the first guidance and counseling services in New Orleans and used Simon Binet’s appraisal instruments to provide vocational counseling for kids in school.

Slide 16: 

The American Counsel of Guidance and Personnel Association (ACGPA): Formed in 1934. It name changed in 1939 to the Council of Guidance and Personnel Associations (CGPA). Binet -Simon Test: this test was used in France to determine intelligence.

B/W Period 2 & Period 3……..: 

B/W Period 2 & Period 3……..

Definition of Hawthorne Studies: 

Definition of Hawthorne Studies “The Hawthorne Studies were conducted from 1927-1932 at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago, where Harvard Business School Professor Elton Mayo examined productivity and work conditions.”

Definition of Hawthorne Studies Cont.: 

Definition of Hawthorne Studies Cont. “Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperatures and humidity.” http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/hawthrone_02.html

Mayo’s Experiment: 

Mayo’s Experiment Five women assembled telephone relays, one supplied the parts. Made frequent changes in working conditions with their consent. Records were kept of relays made, temperature and humidity of rooms, medical and personal histories, eating and sleeping habits, and bits of conversation on the job. No one supervised the girls. They were told to work as they felt and at a comfortable pace.

Mayo’s Experiment Cont.: 

Mayo’s Experiment Cont. Productive capacity was measured by recording the girls’ output for two weeks before the study began. First five weeks, no changes were made. Third stage, a pay system was ensured allowing the girls’ to earn in proportion to their efforts. Eight weeks later, two five-minute rest pauses were added.

Mayo’s Experiment Cont.: 

Mayo’s Experiment Cont. Eighth phase, workday ended a half-day early. Ninth phase, the girls finished an hour earlier than usual. Five-day week introduced. Girls went back to no breaks, lunches and a full work week, output declined for those twelve weeks.

Results: 

Results Researchers found that output rates weren’t directly related to the physical conditions of the work. Output went up when: They were put on piece-work for eight weeks. Two five minute rest pauses were introduced for five weeks. Rest pauses were lengthened to ten minutes. A hot meal was supplied during first pause. They were dismissed at 4:30 p.m. instead of 5:00 p.m.

Results Cont.: 

Results Cont. Output slightly fell when six five minute pauses were added. It remained the same when they were dismissed at 4:00 p.m. instead of 4:30 p.m. Mayo believes “what actually happened was that six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to cooperation in the experiment. The consequence was that they felt themselves to be participating freely and without afterthought, and were happy in the knowledge that they were working without coercion from above or limitations from below.” http://courses.bus.ualberta.ca/orga417-reshef/mayo.htm

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Work is a group activity. If workers are satisfied with their environment Their productivity increases. Need for recognition, security and sense of belonging. Complaints, commonly a symptom manifesting disturbance of an individual’s status position.

Conclusions Cont.: 

Conclusions Cont. Attitudes and effectiveness are conditioned by social demands. Informal groups at work are strong social controls over the work habits and attitudes of a worker. Change from established society to adaptive society. Group collaboration.

Period 4: 

Period 4 The Development of Professional Identity (continued) National Defense Education Act of 1958: This was the government’s response to Sputnik. The act provided for resources to determine which youths of America had mathematical and scientific talent that could be nurtured for use in the American space program. WWII: Counselors were needed during WWII for testing and placement of soldiers. As soldiers returned with “battle neuroses” more counselors were needed to treat them.

The Development of Professional Identity (continued) : 

The Development of Professional Identity (continued) The National Institute of Mental Health: It provided training stipends for doctoral students. Veterans Administration: Began hiring counselors in earnest to help returning soldiers cope with personal and vocational issues. They provided training and opened numerous positions. Carl Rogers: Developed a nondirective counseling approach called client-centered (now person-centered). He also identified core conditions for counseling that is utilized by many theories and approaches today.

Slide 29: 

Great Depression: It inspired government-sponsored programs that included counseling. Throughout the history of the counseling profession, the Federal Government has been influential. The following slides are a highlight of some legislation. Space constraints prohibit detailing all of it. 1944: The Veterans Administration established a nationwide network of guidance services to aid veterans including rehabilitation, counseling, training and advisement.

Slide 30: 

1963: The Community Mental Health Centers Act created more than 2,000 mental health centers and provided an opportunity for counselors to be employed outside of educational settings 1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments to the 1964 Civil Rights Act mandated that no one is discriminated against, including through sex-biased appraisal. 1981: The Older American Act was enacted to improve the lives of those over age 60. 1994: The School To Work Opportunities Act set up partnerships between faculty, businesses and employers to aid student’s transition into the world of work.

Slide 31: 

1998: The Workforce Investment Act revamped all the job training programs and reauthorized the Rehabilitation Act. 1999: The Elementary-School Counseling Act allocated 20 million dollars for schools to hire qualified school counselors. 1999: Work Incentives Improvement Act removed the financial disincentives that have kept the disabled out of the workforce.

The American Counseling Association…. : 

The American Counseling Association…. 1952-1983: It was known as the American Personnel and Guidance Association. 1983-1992: It was called the American Association for Counseling and Development. 1992 to present: It is called the American Counseling Association.

Thanx……: 

Thanx ……