Wade Worthen Why Save Enviro

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Presentation Transcript

Why Should You Care About the Environment?: 

Why Should You Care About the Environment? Wade B. Worthen Biology Department, Furman University, Greenville, SC

Overview: - Some facts about humans - Some facts about ecological systems - How are we doing? - Preserving forests – case studies: 

Overview: - Some facts about humans - Some facts about ecological systems - How are we doing? - Preserving forests – case studies

Some facts about humans: A. What we use now - We are animals. We require food, clean water, and air - We use ~50% of the Earth’s land area for food production (and most of the remainder is not farmable) - We use ~50% of the Earth’s available fresh water - We use ~40% of the Net Primary Productivity (NPP is “new plant growth” – it is the base of the food pyramid for all terrestrial communities). - We are changing the climate of the planet: 

Some facts about humans: A. What we use now - We are animals. We require food, clean water, and air - We use ~50% of the Earth’s land area for food production (and most of the remainder is not farmable) - We use ~50% of the Earth’s available fresh water - We use ~40% of the Net Primary Productivity (NPP is “new plant growth” – it is the base of the food pyramid for all terrestrial communities). - We are changing the climate of the planet

Some facts about humans: B. Population growth 1 billion: ~ 1800 2 billion: ~ 1927 (127 years later) 3 billion: ~ 1960 (33 years later) 4 billion: ~ 1974 (17 years later) 5 billion: ~ 1987 (13 years later) 6 billion: ~ 1999 (12 years later) 2004: ~ 6.3 billion, adding 80 million each year (10 NYC’s) U.N. medium projection: 8.9 billion in 2050, almost all growth in developing, tropical countries.: 

Some facts about humans: B. Population growth 1 billion: ~ 1800 2 billion: ~ 1927 (127 years later) 3 billion: ~ 1960 (33 years later) 4 billion: ~ 1974 (17 years later) 5 billion: ~ 1987 (13 years later) 6 billion: ~ 1999 (12 years later) 2004: ~ 6.3 billion, adding 80 million each year (10 NYC’s) U.N. medium projection: 8.9 billion in 2050, almost all growth in developing, tropical countries.

Some facts about humans: C. Two big questions: - (quantitative) Given our current pattern of resource use, will the Earth be able to sustain a population of 9 billion humans? - (qualitative) Will the quality of life change? : 

Some facts about humans: C. Two big questions: - (quantitative) Given our current pattern of resource use, will the Earth be able to sustain a population of 9 billion humans? - (qualitative) Will the quality of life change?

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - - - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - - - -

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - - - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - - - -

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - - - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - - - - “I want world peace…”

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - - -

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - - - “Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people…”

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - -

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - - Woo-hoo!!

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - stable, productive economies - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - stable, productive economies -

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - stable, productive economies - : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - stable, productive economies -

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - stable, productive economies - stable, productive food supply : 

Some facts about humans: C. What do we want for the future? - World Peace - stable, moral governments - stable, productive economies - stable, productive food supply

Some facts about humans: D. How can we get there? - A stable, productive food supply Stable, productive economies Stable, productive, moral governments Peace and happiness for our children : 

Some facts about humans: D. How can we get there? - A stable, productive food supply Stable, productive economies Stable, productive, moral governments Peace and happiness for our children

Some facts about humans: D. How can we get there? stable food supply productive economies Happy people stable, moral governments To achieve ONE goal, we must achieve ALL goals... : 

Some facts about humans: D. How can we get there? stable food supply productive economies Happy people stable, moral governments To achieve ONE goal, we must achieve ALL goals...

Some facts about ecological systems: A. What they do for humans: - They produce all our food - They produce and clean our water - They produce the oxygen we breathe and they clean our air. : 

Some facts about ecological systems: A. What they do for humans: - They produce all our food - They produce and clean our water - They produce the oxygen we breathe and they clean our air.

Some facts about ecological systems: B. How they do it: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: B. How they do it: CO2 Water Soil nutrients Filtered water O2

Slide20: 

Some facts about ecological systems: B. How they do it: - And different plants use slightly different resources and make different types of food.

Slide21: 

Some facts about ecological systems: C. What diversity does: - 1. Diversity increases productivity Rainforests are 4X more productive than agricultural fields; so they make more “food”, filter more water, and filter more air.

Slide22: 

Some facts about ecological systems: C. What diversity does: - 1. Diversity increases productivity Even agricultural ‘polycultures’ are more productive than low diversity ‘monocultures’. (However, they are more difficult to harvest…)

Some facts about ecological systems: C. What diversity does: - 2. Diversity increases stability Monocultures are not very resistant; a single pathogen or disturbance can wipe out the entire community. - diverse systems are more stable : 

Some facts about ecological systems: C. What diversity does: - 2. Diversity increases stability Monocultures are not very resistant; a single pathogen or disturbance can wipe out the entire community. - diverse systems are more stable

Some facts about ecological systems: D. All species are not equal: - “Keystone” species exert a disproportionate effect on their communities : 

Some facts about ecological systems: D. All species are not equal: - “Keystone” species exert a disproportionate effect on their communities

Some facts about ecological systems: D. All species are not equal: - “Keystone” species exert a disproportionate effect on their communities - As species are lost, it becomes more likely that a keystone species will be lost; resulting in a dramatic further reduction in diversity and ecosystem function.: 

Some facts about ecological systems: D. All species are not equal: - “Keystone” species exert a disproportionate effect on their communities - As species are lost, it becomes more likely that a keystone species will be lost; resulting in a dramatic further reduction in diversity and ecosystem function.

Some facts about ecological systems: D. All species are not equal: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: D. All species are not equal: Cougar Deer Plants Cougar Deer overpopulate Plants overgrazed

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: PLANTS HERBIVORES CARNIVORES (inefficiency)

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: PLANTS HERBIVORES CARNIVORES There is more food lower on the food chain…. Eating predators is energetically ‘wasteful’

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: PLANTS HERBIVORES CARNIVORES LARGE AREA OF HABITAT Area Effects

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: HABITAT FRAGMENTATION

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: : 

Some facts about ecological systems: E. Some basic food-web energetics: HABITAT FRAGMENTATION Carnivores can’t be supported; herbivores overgraze land, soil nutrients depleted.

Some facts about ecological systems: - So if we want productive, stable ecological systems, we MUST preserve biodiversity – it is FUNCTIONALLY important. : 

Some facts about ecological systems: - So if we want productive, stable ecological systems, we MUST preserve biodiversity – it is FUNCTIONALLY important.

How are we doing? A. Food: - Food production per person has declined for grain (-11%), beef (-15%), and fish (-17%) since the1980’s Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy.: 

How are we doing? A. Food: - Food production per person has declined for grain (-11%), beef (-15%), and fish (-17%) since the1980’s Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy.

How are we doing? A. Food: - Food production per person has declined for grain (-11%), beef (-15%), and fish (-17%) since the1980’s - although yield/hectare increased 4X from 1950 to 1990 (“green revolution”), it is flat since then. Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy.: 

How are we doing? A. Food: - Food production per person has declined for grain (-11%), beef (-15%), and fish (-17%) since the1980’s - although yield/hectare increased 4X from 1950 to 1990 (“green revolution”), it is flat since then. Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy.

How are we doing? A. Food: - Food production per person has declined for grain (-11%), beef (-15%), and fish (-17%) since the1980’s - although yield/hectare increased 4X from 1950 to 1990 (“green revolution”), it is flat since then. - total meat production has increased 5X since 1950, although the population has only increased 3X. (Eating meat is LESS efficient than eating grains). Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy.: 

How are we doing? A. Food: - Food production per person has declined for grain (-11%), beef (-15%), and fish (-17%) since the1980’s - although yield/hectare increased 4X from 1950 to 1990 (“green revolution”), it is flat since then. - total meat production has increased 5X since 1950, although the population has only increased 3X. (Eating meat is LESS efficient than eating grains). Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy.

How are we doing? B. Natural Fisheries: - Global fish catch is declining by 500,000 metric tons/yr from peak in 1987 (Science, 2003). - Predatory fish (tuna, salmon) and bottom fish (flounder, sole) have decreased by 90%. : 

How are we doing? B. Natural Fisheries: - Global fish catch is declining by 500,000 metric tons/yr from peak in 1987 (Science, 2003). - Predatory fish (tuna, salmon) and bottom fish (flounder, sole) have decreased by 90%.

How are we doing? B. Natural Fisheries: - Global fish catch is declining by 500,000 metric tons/yr from peak in 1987 (Science, 2003). - Predatory fish (tuna, salmon) and bottom fish (flounder, sole) have decreased by 90%. - Farmed salmon and trout are FED other fish, further increasing pressures on natural fisheries. : 

How are we doing? B. Natural Fisheries: - Global fish catch is declining by 500,000 metric tons/yr from peak in 1987 (Science, 2003). - Predatory fish (tuna, salmon) and bottom fish (flounder, sole) have decreased by 90%. - Farmed salmon and trout are FED other fish, further increasing pressures on natural fisheries.

How are we doing? C. Effects on Diversity: - Habitat loss and fragmentation reduce diversity : 

How are we doing? C. Effects on Diversity: - Habitat loss and fragmentation reduce diversity

How are we doing? C. Effects on Diversity: - Habitat loss and fragmentation reduce diversity - Climate change may be more important. Based on the distribution of 1,103 species ranging over 20% of the Earth’s land surface area, continued climate change may lead to the extinction of 15-37% of these species by 2050 if climatic trends continue (Thomas et al. 2004, Nature). : 

How are we doing? C. Effects on Diversity: - Habitat loss and fragmentation reduce diversity - Climate change may be more important. Based on the distribution of 1,103 species ranging over 20% of the Earth’s land surface area, continued climate change may lead to the extinction of 15-37% of these species by 2050 if climatic trends continue (Thomas et al. 2004, Nature).

How are we doing? D. Summary: - We need diverse ecosystems to sustain the existing human population. : 

How are we doing? D. Summary: - We need diverse ecosystems to sustain the existing human population.

How are we doing? D. Summary: - We need diverse ecosystems to sustain the existing human population. - These services will be even more important as the population increases. : 

How are we doing? D. Summary: - We need diverse ecosystems to sustain the existing human population. - These services will be even more important as the population increases.

How are we doing? D. Summary: - We need diverse ecosystems to sustain the existing human population. - These services will be even more important as the population increases. - Our current practice of over-exploitation of resources is contrary to our long-term goals. : 

How are we doing? D. Summary: - We need diverse ecosystems to sustain the existing human population. - These services will be even more important as the population increases. - Our current practice of over-exploitation of resources is contrary to our long-term goals.

Case Studies: 

Case Studies Overview about Rainforests Preserving Biodiversity Case Studies: - Ecuador and Oil - Costa Rica and Ecotourism - Brazil: The Future of the Amazon

RAINFOREST OVERVIEW: 

RAINFOREST OVERVIEW General Characteristics: > 10cm rain/month, mean temp = 26oC Variable: 40 types, differing in rainfall. LA = 4m/yr; Africa = 1.5m/yr 2% of Earth’s Surface Area; 21% Earth’s NPP; 50% Earth’s species

RAINFOREST OVERVIEW: 

RAINFOREST OVERVIEW Form and Function: Trees 60m tall; lots of layers, 50% more biomass/unit area than deciduous forests in US Nutrients in biomass, not soil Decomposition is rapid, recycling nutrients to biomass Volatiles from trees - condensation nuclei - CAUSE rainfall A RAINFOREST FEEDS ITSELF NUTRIENTS AND WATER

RAINFOREST OVERVIEW: 

RAINFOREST OVERVIEW Why do you value cultural diversity? Why Do you value history and our libraries? We have a reverence for uniqueness, creativity, and knowledge.

PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY: 

PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY

PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY: 

PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY A B C D E F G H A A A B A Fragmentation selects for generalist species that can live in variable, frequently disturbed habitats…. PRODUCES LESS DIVERSE, REDUNDANT COMMUNITIES

CASE STUDIES: 

CASE STUDIES HUMAN CULTURE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

CASE STUDIES: USA: 

CASE STUDIES: USA In the US, we have used our resources to power OUR OWN economic growth RESOURCES MANUFACTURING GOODS AND SERVICES PROFITS and jobs

CASE STUDIES: LATIN AMERICA: 

CASE STUDIES: LATIN AMERICA In 1989, the rate of rainforest destruction was 1 hectare/second (size of two football fields); it slowed in the 90’s, but has picked back up again, largely due to Brazil’s development programs.

CASE STUDIES: LATIN AMERICA: 

CASE STUDIES: LATIN AMERICA In developing nations, resources have been exported to grow the economies of the industrialized world RESOURCES EXPORTED MANUFACTURING GOODS AND SERVICES DEVELOPING NATIONS INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS PROFITS LOANS FOR EXTRACTION DEBT PLUS INTEREST

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL: 

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL Major Oil Reserves attracted foreign investment: Texaco, Gulf, Shell. From 1967-1990, oil exploration and pipeline construction over the Andes; Ecuador is an OPEC nation (1972). 1992 – Lease is up and Ecuador takes over pipeline operations. 2001 – Plan and expansion; a second pipeline – through ecologically sensitive areas. 24% of US oil imports – from Latin America. Saudi Arabia, is #4 source of US oil imports (Can, Mex, Ven).

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL: 

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL Effects: Spilled 17 million gallons of crude oil (50% more than the Exxon Valdez spill) Discharge of 20 billion gallons of wastewater, with hydro-carbons, heavy metals and other toxic contaminants; abandonment of hundreds of unlined toxic waste ponds Construction of oil roads opening more than 2.5 million acres of the forest to colonization.

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL: 

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL Effects (cont.) Impact on indigenous populations. In Ecuador, the Siona, Houroani In Columbia, the U’wa In Peru, the Nahua 50 different indigenous nationalities live on oil concession land. Loss of land, pollution of waterways, skin diseases, stomach ailments, respiratory diseases, headaches, malnutrition, and cancer have surfaced in Native communities.

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL: 

CASE STUDIES: ECUADOR and OIL Oil in Amazonia - Black Dots – wells in production - Red Dots – exploration fronts concessions granted

CASE STUDIES: COSTA RICA: 

CASE STUDIES: COSTA RICA

CASE STUDIES: COSTA RICA: 

CASE STUDIES: COSTA RICA LA SELVA BIOLOGICAL STATION ACROSS THE STREET 1970’s – Deforestation to increase grazing for fast-food in USA - Grassroots effort to establish National Parks; supported by gov’t and conservation agencies (WWF) 1980’s – Education programs in public schools through colleges; env. Ed. Programs and ecotourism 1990’s – Merck and Bioprospecting; increase protected lands to 24% of country. Ecoutourism #1 “export” 2000 – Considering a corridor plan to connect protected areas to reduce fragmentation.

CASE STUDIES: COSTA RICA: 

CASE STUDIES: COSTA RICA Why Did It Work? Stable economy and political system - No Army; invested money in economy Educated populace; >95% literacy rate Foreign investment in NON-EXTRACTIVE sectors of economy; have an educated workforce and a stable economy. (Intel) Enforcement - Had the time to allow ecotourism to grow

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL: 

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL 1/3 OF THE WORLD’S RAINFOREST LARGEST INTACT EXPANSES OF RAINFOREST “LUNGS OF THE PLANET” 20% OF EARTH RIVER RUNOFF - AMAZON TIMBER – MAHOGANY, ETC. MINERALS – GOLD, DIAMONDS AGRICULTURAL LAND OIL

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL: 

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL Rodonia, southwest Brazil: - Opened on loans from the IMF and World Bank. - Settlements and increased fragmentation. - “Forest destruction from 1995 to 2000 averaged almost two million hectares a year…equivalent to seven football field a minute.” William Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 1975 1986 1992 2000

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL: 

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL “AVANCA BRAZIL” (Advance Brazil) Government to invest $40 billion in new highways, railroads, hydroelectric reservoirs, power lines, and gas lines in the Amazon over the next few years. About 5000 miles of highways will be paved. The government claims that these projects will have only limited effects on the Amazon.

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL: 

CASE STUDIES: BRAZIL Laurence et al. (2001): Avanca Brasil project will result in as much as 40% of the Brazilian Amazon being deforested or damaged in the next 20 years, and only 5% continuing to exist in wild and pristine conditions. EXTREME FRAGMENTATION: TOP = OPTIMISTIC BOTTOM = PESSIMISTIC

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. : 

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems.

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. - we are increasingly dependent on the global stability and productivity of natural ecosystems. : 

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. - we are increasingly dependent on the global stability and productivity of natural ecosystems.

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. - we are increasingly dependent on the global stability and productivity of natural ecosystems. - so, we need to preserve system diversity so that adequate food, water, and clean air production can be sustained. : 

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. - we are increasingly dependent on the global stability and productivity of natural ecosystems. - so, we need to preserve system diversity so that adequate food, water, and clean air production can be sustained.

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. - we are increasingly dependent on the global stability and productivity of natural ecosystems. - so, we need to preserve system diversity so that adequate food, water, and clean air production can be sustained. - the stability and integrity of our economies and political systems depend on it. - BIODIVERSITY MATTERS. NOW. - CLIMATE CHANGE MATTERS. NOW.: 

Conclusion: - diversity increases productivity and stability of natural ecosystems. - we are increasingly dependent on the global stability and productivity of natural ecosystems. - so, we need to preserve system diversity so that adequate food, water, and clean air production can be sustained. - the stability and integrity of our economies and political systems depend on it. - BIODIVERSITY MATTERS. NOW. - CLIMATE CHANGE MATTERS. NOW.

Slide68: 

Conclusion: I want to preserve the integrity of ecological systems....