Presentation Transcript
PMI PMP Exam Prep PMI Mile High Chapter North Area Study Group: PMI PMP Exam Prep PMI Mile High Chapter North Area Study Group Quality Presentation
Prepared by Denise Robertson
8 March 2003
Quality Definitions: Quality Definitions Quality: conformance to requirements and fitness of use
Quality Management: The processes required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
Philosophy: Gold plating is bad; prevention over inspection is good
Quality Characteristics: Quality Characteristics Grade vs. Quality
Grade: meets spec requirements
Quality: behaves as expected
Prevention vs. Inspection
Management Responsibility
Processes
Customer Satisfaction
Keep customer informed
Stick to Requirements
Quality Processes: Quality Processes Quality Planning
Quality standards and methods to meet them
Planning
Quality Assurance
Improvements, audits, measurement comparisons, considering standards appropriateness
Executing
Quality Control
Measuring/testing errors, measuring schedule performance, comparing results to standard
Controlling
Quality Planning Tools: Quality Planning Tools Standards
Benchmarking (past analysis)
Benefit/Cost Analysis (BCI)
Flowchart (future analysis)
Design of Experiments (what if?)
Cost of Quality (costs of conformance & non-conformance)
Fishbone Diagram (also used in QC)
Quality Assurance Tools: Quality Assurance Tools Evaluation against standards on regular basis
Re-evaluation of standards, methods, and procedures
Quality Audit: structured review of quality activities that identifies lessons learned
Quality Control Tools: Quality Control Tools Inspection
Pareto Diagram
Fishbone Diagram
Checklists
Statistical Sampling
Control Charts
Flow charting (also used in Quality Planning)
Trend Analysis
Quality Techniques: Quality Techniques Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)
Just in Time (JIT)
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Quality Researchers: Quality Researchers
Optimal Quality and Responsibility: Optimal Quality and Responsibility Marginal Analysis
Optimal quality is reached at point where incremental value from improvement = incremental cost to secure it.
Responsibility for Quality
Senior management is responsible for organizational quality
PM has ultimate responsibility for quality of product of project
Each team member is responsible for self inspection
Statistical Terms: Statistical Terms
Standard Deviation: Standard Deviation Distance from Mean in a Normal Curve
1 standard deviation = 1 sigma
(P – O) / 6
PERT formula for standard deviation where P is pessimistic estimate and O is optimistic estimate
Sigma: Sigma
Statistical Sampling Quality Control Chart: Statistical Sampling Quality Control Chart Graphic display of results, over time, of a process… used to determine if the process is “in control.”
To create a control chart:
Samples are taken
Variables are measured
Attributes are found and plotted on chart
Monitoring Project Results: Monitoring Project Results Variable
Anything measured
Attribute
Binary value, either right or wrong
Probability
Likelihood event will occur, usually expressed as %
Control Chart Features: Control Chart Features Control Limits
Acceptable range of variation of a process often shown as 2 dashed lines on chart
Upper and Lower Control Limits are determined by organization’s sigma quality standard
Specification Limits
Contractual requirements for performance and quality
Not calculated based on control chart
Outside chart control limits if project can meet
Inside chart control limits if project cannot meet
Out of Control: Out of Control Out of Control
Lack of consistency or predictability in process.
When data point falls outside upper or lower control limit
When non-random data points are still within upper and lower control limits, such as Rule of Seven
Rule of Seven: Rule of Seven Heuristic referring to non-random data points grouped together in a series that total 7 on one side of mean.
Assignable Cause is a data point or Rule of Seven that requires investigation to determine cause of variation.
Cost of Quality: Cost of Quality