ie549 sa website

IE549 – Human Factors Engineering: 

IE549 – Human Factors Engineering Prof. P. Carayon Department of Industrial Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison SITUATION AWARENESS

Situation awareness: 

Situation awareness Users’ awareness of the meaning of dynamic changes in their environment Limitations of working memory Integration of WM information, LTM information and the mental model

Situation awareness: 

Situation awareness 'Perception of the elements of the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future' (Endsley, 1995) perception (and selective attention) understanding (WM, LT memory) prediction (planning) … applied to a specific situation

Mechanisms and processes of SA(Endsley, 2000): 

Mechanisms and processes of SA (Endsley, 2000) Real-world situation Memory Working memory Long-term memory Goals Expectations Mental models Schemas Internal representation of state Perception Attention Pattern matching with LTM Synthesis, analysis and metacognitive processes Stress Workload Interference Complexity Automation Product Processes

SA: Attention and working memory : 

SA: Attention and working memory Limitations of attention and WM Attention: Portions of environment incorporated into SA Perceived importance of information Distractions Attentional narrowing WM: Info. prioritization Chunking Restructuring environment to provide external memory cues

SA: Long-term memory & mental models: 

SA: Long-term memory andamp; mental models Role of LTM? SA = current state of mental model Mental models: PLUS? MINUS?

SA: Goals: 

SA: Goals Top-down processing: Goal-driven Bottom-up processing: Data-driven Dynamic switching between the two processing modes Functions of goals?

SA: Expectations: 

SA: Expectations PLUS? MINUS?

SA: Automaticity: 

SA: Automaticity PLUS? MINUS? World Cues SA Decision Making Performance of Action Automaticity

Mechanisms and processes of SA(Endsley, 2000): 

Mechanisms and processes of SA (Endsley, 2000) Real-world situation Memory Working memory Long-term memory Goals Expectations Mental models Schemas Internal representation of state Perception Attention Pattern matching with LTM Synthesis, analysis and metacognitive processes Stress Workload Interference Complexity Automation Product Processes

SA elements of ATC: 

SA elements of ATC

Slide12: 

SA in anesthesiology

Situation awareness and performance: 

Situation awareness and performance SA can be maintained even without performance. Good performance can be achieved with low SA. SA: more important for appropriate and timely response to unexpected events than for routine performance

Individual  Team SA: 

Individual  Team SA Team situation awareness involves two critical abstractions: individual situation awareness team processes in a highly interactive relationship (Salas et al., 1995)

Model of Team SA (Salas et al., 1995): 

Model of Team SA (Salas et al., 1995) Information processing functions Pre-existing knowledge Pre-dispositions Team processes Task interdependence Team characteristics Team SA Team situation assessment

Improving SA: 

Improving SA Briefing / Debriefing Simulation training Crew Resource Management training

Implications of SA: 

Implications of SA Designing easy-to-interpret displays of dynamic systems Automation and HFE SA as a tool for accident analysis SA in training: Training for routine performance vs. training to maintain SA

In summary…: 

In summary… What did we learn today?

Additional readings…: 

Additional readings… Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32-64.