logging in or signing up ferrous metallurgy Ming Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 5880 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (9) Dislike it (0) Added: January 03, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: geologist21 (7 month(s) ago) Please send me a copy for my metallurgical students at University of Johannesburg Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: mastertooler (10 month(s) ago) Please send me a copy of this powerpoint for my welding students. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... 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Made into weapons, armour, cooking pots and vessels Main limitation to wider uses due to processing (no way of making large items and no welding)Abraham Darby’s Ironbridge: Abraham Darby’s IronbridgeCast Iron: Cast Iron Between 2% & 4% carbon content Standard grey cast iron very brittle due to carbon rosettes in the structure acting as stress-raisers Possible to use heat treatment to improve the structure, this gives materials such as ductile iron and malleable iron (black heart)Ductile iron used in drain grids: Ductile iron used in drain gridsSlide7: Grey cast iron showing the graphite flakes in a pearlite matrixSteel: Steel 0.001% to 1.5% carbon Wide range of properties due to: Variation in carbon content Cold working Heat treatment Addition of alloying elementsMicrostructure of Steel: Microstructure of Steel Five main constituents: Ferrite Austenite Cementite Pearlite Martensite Ferrite: Ferrite The structure of pure iron. Has a body-centred cubic (BCC) crystal structure. It is soft and ductile and imparts these properties to the steel. Very little carbon (less than 0.01% carbon will dissolve in ferrite at room temperature). Often known as iron. Slide13: A photomicrograph of 0.1% carbon steel (mild steel). The light areas are ferrite.Austenite: Austenite This is the structure of iron at high temperatures (over 912 deg C). Has a face-centre cubic (FCC) crystal structure. This material is important in that it is the structure from which other structures are formed when the material cools from elevated temperatures. Often known as iron. Not present at room temperatures.Cementite: Cementite A compound of iron and carbon, iron carbide (Fe3C). It is hard and brittle and its presence in steels causes an increase in hardness and a reduction in ductility and toughness.Pearlite: Pearlite A laminated structure formed of alternate layers of ferrite and cementite. It combines the hardness and strength of cementite with the ductility of ferrite and is the key to the wide range of the properties of steels. The laminar structure also acts as a barrier to crack movement as in composites. This gives it toughness.Slide17: Two-dimensional view of pearlite, consisting of alternating layers of cementite and ferrite. Slide18: Three-dimensional analogy to the structure of pearlite, i.e. the cabbage represents a single crystal of pearlite, and the water in the bucket the single crystal of ferrite. Martensite: Martensite A very hard needle-like structure of iron and carbon. Only formed by very rapid cooling from the austenitic structure (i.e. above upper critical temperature). Needs to be modified by tempering before acceptable properties reached.Slide20: The needle-like structure of martensite, the white areas are retained austenite. Carbon: Carbon In steels none of the carbon is present as free carbon. It is all dissolved in the iron as part of the previously described structures.0.1% Carbon Steel: 0.1% Carbon Steel Note the small amount of pearlite in the structureApplications: Applications A typical application of low carbon steel in a car body.Effect of Carbon Content: Effect of Carbon Content Increasing the carbon content decreases the amount of ferrite and increases the proportion of pearlite in the structure.0.2% Carbon Steel: 0.2% Carbon Steel Note the increased amount of pearlite compared with the 0.1% ‘dead mild’ steelEutectic Structure: Eutectic Structure This leads to an increase in strength and hardness and a reduction in ductility. This continues until there is 0.8% carbon at which point the structure is 100% pearlite. This is known as a eutectic structure.Over 0.8% Carbon: Over 0.8% Carbon As carbon content increases beyond 0.8%, no more pearlite can be formed. The excess carbon forms cementite which is deposited in between the pearlite grains. This increases the hardness, but slightly reduces the strength. The ductility of all plain carbon steels over 0.8% carbon is very low.Properties of Carbon Steels: Properties of Carbon SteelsProperties of Carbon Steels: Properties of Carbon Steels You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
ferrous metallurgy Ming Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 5880 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (9) Dislike it (0) Added: January 03, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: geologist21 (7 month(s) ago) Please send me a copy for my metallurgical students at University of Johannesburg Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: mastertooler (10 month(s) ago) Please send me a copy of this powerpoint for my welding students. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: tanoliwaqas (11 month(s) ago) plz sent me this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: lesterjake (11 month(s) ago) ok Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: vijayndt (13 month(s) ago) plz sent this ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Ferrous Metallurgy: The Chemistry and Structure of Iron and Steel: Ferrous Metallurgy: The Chemistry and Structure of Iron and SteelPure Iron: Pure Iron Iron from which the residual carbon left over from smelting has been removed. In the pure state it is a very soft grey metal Of no commercial useWrought Iron: Wrought Iron Has approx 0.05% carbon Used since about 2000 BC Is stronger than most other pure metals. Made into weapons, armour, cooking pots and vessels Main limitation to wider uses due to processing (no way of making large items and no welding)Abraham Darby’s Ironbridge: Abraham Darby’s IronbridgeCast Iron: Cast Iron Between 2% & 4% carbon content Standard grey cast iron very brittle due to carbon rosettes in the structure acting as stress-raisers Possible to use heat treatment to improve the structure, this gives materials such as ductile iron and malleable iron (black heart)Ductile iron used in drain grids: Ductile iron used in drain gridsSlide7: Grey cast iron showing the graphite flakes in a pearlite matrixSteel: Steel 0.001% to 1.5% carbon Wide range of properties due to: Variation in carbon content Cold working Heat treatment Addition of alloying elementsMicrostructure of Steel: Microstructure of Steel Five main constituents: Ferrite Austenite Cementite Pearlite Martensite Ferrite: Ferrite The structure of pure iron. Has a body-centred cubic (BCC) crystal structure. It is soft and ductile and imparts these properties to the steel. Very little carbon (less than 0.01% carbon will dissolve in ferrite at room temperature). Often known as iron. Slide13: A photomicrograph of 0.1% carbon steel (mild steel). The light areas are ferrite.Austenite: Austenite This is the structure of iron at high temperatures (over 912 deg C). Has a face-centre cubic (FCC) crystal structure. This material is important in that it is the structure from which other structures are formed when the material cools from elevated temperatures. Often known as iron. Not present at room temperatures.Cementite: Cementite A compound of iron and carbon, iron carbide (Fe3C). It is hard and brittle and its presence in steels causes an increase in hardness and a reduction in ductility and toughness.Pearlite: Pearlite A laminated structure formed of alternate layers of ferrite and cementite. It combines the hardness and strength of cementite with the ductility of ferrite and is the key to the wide range of the properties of steels. The laminar structure also acts as a barrier to crack movement as in composites. This gives it toughness.Slide17: Two-dimensional view of pearlite, consisting of alternating layers of cementite and ferrite. Slide18: Three-dimensional analogy to the structure of pearlite, i.e. the cabbage represents a single crystal of pearlite, and the water in the bucket the single crystal of ferrite. Martensite: Martensite A very hard needle-like structure of iron and carbon. Only formed by very rapid cooling from the austenitic structure (i.e. above upper critical temperature). Needs to be modified by tempering before acceptable properties reached.Slide20: The needle-like structure of martensite, the white areas are retained austenite. Carbon: Carbon In steels none of the carbon is present as free carbon. It is all dissolved in the iron as part of the previously described structures.0.1% Carbon Steel: 0.1% Carbon Steel Note the small amount of pearlite in the structureApplications: Applications A typical application of low carbon steel in a car body.Effect of Carbon Content: Effect of Carbon Content Increasing the carbon content decreases the amount of ferrite and increases the proportion of pearlite in the structure.0.2% Carbon Steel: 0.2% Carbon Steel Note the increased amount of pearlite compared with the 0.1% ‘dead mild’ steelEutectic Structure: Eutectic Structure This leads to an increase in strength and hardness and a reduction in ductility. This continues until there is 0.8% carbon at which point the structure is 100% pearlite. This is known as a eutectic structure.Over 0.8% Carbon: Over 0.8% Carbon As carbon content increases beyond 0.8%, no more pearlite can be formed. The excess carbon forms cementite which is deposited in between the pearlite grains. This increases the hardness, but slightly reduces the strength. The ductility of all plain carbon steels over 0.8% carbon is very low.Properties of Carbon Steels: Properties of Carbon SteelsProperties of Carbon Steels: Properties of Carbon Steels