3028 2007lect2

Slide1: 

Environmental Policy and Planning Lecture 2

Lecture outline: 

Lecture outline Some reminders Recap of my ideas on teaching Explanation of the assessment Of the supertutorial - tutorial system Recap on what the course is about

Admin issues: 

Admin issues Need to elect 3 student reps for the School Committee - means you need to come to a free lunch in this room next Wednesday March 14th 1-2 to give us some feedback on how you feel the course is going Can I please see all the graduate students during the break

Some of Richard’s thoughts on teaching and learning: 

Some of Richard’s thoughts on teaching and learning Teaching is about inspiring you to make connections between what you know and what you don't yet know Teaching and learning can make a difference

Some of my learning principles: 

Some of my learning principles Teaching needs to be opportunistic, intuitive and iterative Need to consider other ways of doing things Need to help you learn to learn Need to encourage peer learning Need to encourage your ownership of as much of the learning process as is possible

Our role as teachers: 

Our role as teachers to share our passion for learning guides on the side – not sages on the stage

Learning can vary from shallow to deep: 

Learning can vary from shallow to deep Surface approach – the “learner’s’” intention is only to complete task requirements Deep approach – the learner’s intention is to understand

Assessment for 3028 students: 

Assessment for 3028 students 30% - Briefing Paper (10% oral - 20% written) 30% - Tut Facilitation (10% preparation, 15% for running the class, 5% for oral report back to the class. 30% choice between optional learning portfolio/essay/webpage/poster - later two involve you giving a presentation to the last lecture 10% Core Learning Portfolio of one page summaries of your tutorial preparation and reflections on briefing papers of your classmates

Assessment for 6528 students: 

Assessment for 6528 students 30% - Briefing Paper (10% oral - 20% written) 30% - Tut Facilitation (10% preparation, 15% for running the class, 5% for oral report back to the class. 20% choice between optional learning portfolio/essay/webpage/poster 5% Core Learning Portfolio of one page summaries of your tutorial preparation and reflections on briefing papers of your classmates 15% Seminar on Examples of EPP that work in a country of your choice - evening in week 6 or 7

Briefing paper exercise will assist you in the workplace: 

Briefing paper exercise will assist you in the workplace 10:47 AM 17/10/2003 +1000, Hi Richard, I just wanted to let you know that the ministerial brief i did in your course last semester has already come in handy.   I recently attended an interview for a grad position at the Aust greenhouse office and writing a brief was one of the tasks we had to do (based on 3 articles in 45 mins). That was the best part of the whole process for me. regards, Kerryn

Useful weblink: 

Useful weblink My homepage has a detailed list of work from former students

Core learning portfolio must include:: 

Core learning portfolio must include: all of your one page tutorial summaries, (ie you must do them even if for some reason you end up missing a tut) one page summary of how two lectures/talks/seminars relate to EPP - Any of the panel sessions in SRES1001 can be used for these summaries.  Reflections on your classmates briefing papers in last tutorial and last lecture

Optional learning Portfolio: 

Optional learning Portfolio To include reflections on each tutorial and lecture (NB you will need to provide in writing an explanation if you miss more than 2 of these ie one of each of two of one) Lots of examples of previous learning portfolios on course webpage

Graduate only task: 

Graduate only task Brief (8 minute) seminar and PowerPoint presentation on examples of  EPP that work in a country of your choice - International students are strongly encouraged to discuss their own country.  Students wishing to do an Australian topic need to select a region or sector  (eg water resources)  worth 15% for Graduates 

Can I see some examples of these country briefs?: 

Can I see some examples of these country briefs? Yes- go to http://sres-people.anu.edu.au/richard_baker/SRES3028/student_work.html but please note in 2005 and earlier the task was to describe EPP in general not to focus on "what works“. So make sure you examine examples of things that work and give some analysis of why they work and the degree to which  these examples are cultural or historical specific and the degree to which they might be more widely applicable. 

Attendance at all lectures is strongly encouraged: 

Attendance at all lectures is strongly encouraged you cannot learn if you don't attend if you cannot come to lectures or tutorials you should not be doing the course you MUST attend the lecture the week after the tutorial you facilitated to report back on what you learnt in the tutorial. You are required in your learning portfolio to comment on what you learnt in lectures – you are required to include an explanation if you miss more than two lectures and/or tutorials

Attendance at all tutorials is expected: 

Attendance at all tutorials is expected you MUST attend the supertutorial you get allocated to You MUST facilitate the subsequent tutorial You MUST attend the subsequent lecture to report back on what you learnt in the tutorial You are required if doing the major learning portfolio option (ie instead of essay) to comment on what you learnt in each tutorial and lecture – you are required to include an explanation if you miss more than two tutorials and or lectures

Tutorials are a central part of this course: 

Tutorials are a central part of this course Hence the assessment emphasis on the tutorials “inputs” assessed by marking your tutorial preparation, facilitation and report back “outputs” assessed by marking your tutorial papers/posters/webpages/learning portfolios Tutorials will give you the chance to learn from each other and to develop facilitation skills

2nd tutorial task – see your webpage: 

2nd tutorial task – see your webpage Please come to this and every tutorial with two copies of a  one page summary (please keep this to one page 12pt at the smallest!). For next week it should include Critical review (less than 100 words) one of the articles listed on policy and one on planning -  Plus YOUR definition of  policy and planning and  a few dot points on the key differences between policy and planning As is the case with every other tutorial we expect you to spend at least two hours reading and thinking to prepare this one page summary. If you do not have the time to do this preparation, do not come to the tutorial as you will not be in a position to contribute to the discussion. NB if you do come without a one-page summary, you will be asked to leave.

What are “supertutorials”: 

What are “supertutorials” They are pre-tutorial workshops You only need to go to ONE – the one the week before you facilitate a tutorial Link to an article I wrote on them a while ago

Aims of the course: 

Aims of the course To help you develop a broad understanding of EPP, through a variety of means (lectures, supertutorials, tuts, and - most importantly - the work you do reading and thinking about issues raised) To encourage you to think critically about EPP contexts & issues To develop your skills in policy analysis, and in communicating ideas, both orally and in writing

Course will help you develop three essential skills for the workplace: 

Course will help you develop three essential skills for the workplace Ability to effectively discuss ideas and to listen to ideas of others Ability to write well and concisely Ability to locate relevant material and to effectively deal with what one might call the "infoglut" relating to the environment.

By the end of the course we hope that you have a good understanding of the:: 

By the end of the course we hope that you have a good understanding of the: contested nature of environmental issues value of community involvement in EPP and the variety of possible means such involvement can take - http://www.savetheridge.org.au/ kind of work professionals in this field are doing and the kind of skills and knowledge required to best do this work history of EPP in Australia and the Australian policy process and that this in turn has given you the ability to learn from past successes and mistakes

Sustainability:the fundamental issue in environmental policy & resource management?: 

Sustainability: the fundamental issue in environmental policy & resource management? Dimensions & considerations: Ecological Economic Social Cultural (see Lowe: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s317194.htm )

Sustainability is a process: 

Sustainability is a process Sustainability is a process and includes ecological, social and economic dimensions. We recognize that the question of what is to be sustained has to be addressed by a case-by-case basis (see Costanza and Patten, 1995. -- Defining and predicting sustainability. Ecological economics 15: 193 – 6)

Resource Management is a key aspect of EPP: 

Resource Management is a key aspect of EPP Important to reflect on resource management’s origins and cultural specificity See for example research link on my webpage for lots of examples of Indigenous resource management

Indigenous resource management : 

Indigenous resource management is based on 1000s of years of highly skilled and locally intense question framing and observation has well developed systems of communicating the result of their science has an extraordinary predictive power at the local level

Indigenous science has many characteristics that western science is in desperate need of. It:: 

Indigenous science has many characteristics that western science is in desperate need of. It: is acutely aware of environment-interconnections and environment-society interconnections and feedbacks has an enormous interest in “outliers” is about survival – high incentive to get it right – ultimate form of “peer” review! Has ethics and values are rolled into it has a seamless connection between science and management

“Western” “scientific” resource management: 

“Western” “scientific” resource management has its roots in the the utilitarian and exploitative worldview which assumes humans have dominion over nature. in the historical process of converting the world's life-support systems into mere commodities, resource management science was geared for the efficient utilization resources as if they were limitless. methods of resource development and management, in both biological and economic areas, have treated the environment as discrete boxes of "resources", the yield from which could be individually maximized See F. Berkes and C. Folke Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability

Berkes and Folke go on to write: 

Berkes and Folke go on to write resource management is necessary but that it requires fundamentally different approaches, not mere tinkering with current models and practices. improving the performance of natural resource systems requires an emphasis on institutions and property rights. A people orientated approach which focuses on the resource user rather than on the resource itself is not a new idea; many have pointed out that 'resource management is people management'. However, tools and approaches for such people management are poorly developed, and importance of a social science of resource management has not generally been recognised.

Slide31: 

Sometimes the cause of environmental problems are blindingly obvious but addressing them is rarely easy due to complex social issues Mt Isarog region – southern Luzon, Philippines

Slide32: 

Barr Creek, near Kerang, Victoria “Solutions” to environmental problems can make things worse if we don’t understand the biophysical issues

EPP in summary: 

EPP in summary EPP is about the 3Ps: being practical, pragmatic, & the art of the possible 

Slide34: 

EPP is also highly political - ie current debates about energy and $10 billion Murray-Darling proposal by PM

EPP premise: 

EPP premise solutions largely known (or knowable) what is required are polices which give effect to this knowledge

Write down your definition of policy: 

Write down your definition of policy

Outline of part 2: 

Outline of part 2 Examine what policy is Explore the Australian political – policy process

Oxford Dictionary Definition: 

Oxford Dictionary Definition Political Sagacity (mentally penetrating) Prudent conduct Craftiness Course of action followed by a government

Not just governments that have policy: 

Not just governments that have policy ANU has many including a policy on policies! See http://info.anu.edu.au/policies/Policies/Governance/Other/Policy_on_Policies.asp

What is policy?: 

What is policy? Policy = (process + product) we tend to focus on the product - but the process is at least as important examples - Australian: www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/national/nfps/index.html www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/index.html - Global: www.iisd.ca/linkages/

A framework for analysing change in policies and institutions (IIED 1999): 

A framework for analysing change in policies and institutions (IIED 1999)

Policy, bureaucrats, politicians and you : 

Policy, bureaucrats, politicians and you Another definition of policy Australian political system Policy and the public Policy and politicians Policy and bureaucrats

An un-named public servants definition: 

An un-named public servants definition Policy is a flimsy raft drifting in a political and administrative current

Implications of this definition: 

Implications of this definition It does not matter how good your idea is it will sink without a trace if it is launched at the wrong time in the wrong current the converse is true unfortunately as well - some pretty stupid poorly thought ideas have become policy as a result of them being launched at the ‘right’ time

Some definitions from Davis et al 1993, Public policy in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney : 

Some definitions from Davis et al 1993, Public policy in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney Public policy is the interaction of values, interests and resources, guided through institutions and mediated by politics. Page 15   Policy and politics are not easily separated, since each informs the other. But neither should policy simply be reduced to consideration of the politics of the moment. Page 16

Slide46: 

Politics is the essential ingredient for producing workable policies, which are more publicly accountable and politically justifiable . . . While some are uncomfortable with the notion that politics can enhance rational decision-making, preferring to see politics as expediency, it is integral to the processes of deciding defensible outcomes. We are unable to combine values, interests and resources in ways which are not political.

Policy is many things: 

Policy is many things a goal -- what you're trying to achieve official strategy to achieve something legal framework to manage a resource conscious use of resources to achieve the goal statements/guidelines to follow a goal structure by which you can work (can be for individuals, government or NGOs)

Policy learning: 

Policy learning   “Policy-making is a process of successive approximation to some desired objective in which what is desired itself continues to change under reconsideration.”   Charles Lindblom 1959:86 The science of muddling through, Public administration review, 19, 2: 79 -- 88

Two crucial issues in making policy work: 

Two crucial issues in making policy work important to know what you're trying to achieve democracy and social capital are important to policy process -- policies tend not to work if a dictator just decides what needs to be done

Policy can be ambiguous: 

Policy can be ambiguous A parliamentary bill states policy that may not passed Parliament a White Paper states government policy intentions but these may not be realised a ministerial statement might be policy, or might just be one view on the way to the Govt forming a position election platforms describe the political party's intentions, but do they state the policy of the resulting government? Is it 'policy' when departmental activities proceed without explicit statement of intent, continuing from government to government, never exciting public interest or political scrutiny?

The Australian political system : 

The Australian political system Washminister system bits of the British Westminster system and bits of the US Washington system “A reluctant nation” Phillip Toyne 1994 A federation of 6 self governing colonies

The Commonwealth has only a few very specific powers: 

The Commonwealth has only a few very specific powers Section 51 of the Constitution outlines these defence, external affairs, currency, telecommunications, provision of social services, family law and immigration Powers not listed in S51 know as residual powers remain with the states and these include most environmental matters the Constitution makes no mention at all of local govt which have been created by State Govts. through Local Govt. acts

The Commonwealth has however obtained extensive environmental powers through the High Courts interpretation of s51 of the constitution. They include:: 

The Commonwealth has however obtained extensive environmental powers through the High Courts interpretation of s51 of the constitution. They include: Corporation power External affairs power Overseas trade and commerce power Races power Taxation power

Another source of federal power: 

Another source of federal power The Commonwealth has also achieved considerable power though s96 of the constitution regarding tied grants to the states

Australian Political structures: 

Australian Political structures Party room Ministers Cabinet Shadow cabinet

Separation of powers: 

Separation of powers Separation of powers between courts and government Theory of “Arms length” relation between politicians and pubic servants frank and fearless independent advice

Frank and Fearless advice: 

Frank and Fearless advice Ministers need the benefit of advice offered 'without fear or favour' -- advice which is tough-minded, objective and, if necessary unpalatable. If the advice is not taken officials should ensure the warning has been heard, then respect the right of ministers to make the final choice. As one official said of working with Commonwealth ministers, "to object once is obligatory, twice is necessary, three times is suicidal". Bridgman and Davis 2000, The Australian policy handbook, 2nd ed: Allen & Unwin, Sydney, p 138  

Policy, bureaucrats, politicians and you : 

Policy, bureaucrats, politicians and you What is policy Australian political system Policy and the public Policy and politicians Policy and bureaucrats

Policy development is an interactive and iterative process between: 

Policy development is an interactive and iterative process between the public (but more commonly) special interest groups representing elements of the public industry lobby groups bureaucrats politicians (remembering that in Aust we have politicians in three different spheres of Govt, around 500 local Govts, 8 state and territory governments and the federal one

Agenda setting is an important part of influencing the policy process: 

Agenda setting is an important part of influencing the policy process outside initiative model - community groups gain broad public support and get an issue onto the formal agenda issues are the initiative of government which places them on the public agenda in order to successfully implement them inside-access model where policy proposals come from so called ‘policy communities’ with easy access to government with support from particular interest groups but little public involvement nor often support   R. Cobb et al 1976 Agenda building as a comparative political process American Political Science Review 70: 126-138.

Policy and politicians: 

Policy and politicians My experience in government is that when things are non-controversial and beautifully coordinated, there's not much going on John F. Kennedy   Politics is not the art of the possible. It consists in choosing between the disastrous and the unpalatable. John Kenneth Galbraith

Slide62: 

  I am extraordinarily patient, providing I get my own way in the end. Policy is the means by which the lives of individuals, families and communities are shaped. It is the means by which we reshape the character and future of the nation. It is the purpose of political life, the only worthwhile measure of political success, and by far the most significant measure of the worth of politicians and political parties.

Slide63: 

  I am extraordinarily patient, providing I get my own way in the end. Maggie Thatcher UK PM 70s-80s Policy is the means by which the lives of individuals, families and communities are shaped. It is the means by which we reshape the character and future of the nation. It is the purpose of political life, the only worthwhile measure of political success, and by far the most significant measure of the worth of politicians and political parties. - Paul Keating Australian PM in 90s

Policy and bureaucrats: 

Policy and bureaucrats A cynical public servants viewpoint. There are only three types of policy Policies developed before, during and after the event that they are trying to influence

Sir Humphrey’s view: 

Sir Humphrey’s view "All politicians are required to do is look plausible, stay sober and say the lines that we give them in the right order"

Sir Humphrey’s view on how never to do anything: 

Sir Humphrey’s view on how never to do anything Stage 1 say nothing is going to happen Stage 2 say something may be going to happen but we should do nothing about it Stage 3 say maybe we should do something about it but there is nothing we can do Stage 4 say maybe there was something we could have done but it is too late now to do anything.

The public service is large and diverse: 

The public service is large and diverse Some authors credit the public sector with enormous power and the capacity to direct the fortunes of the Government eg Michael Pusey “Economic rationalism in Canberra : a nation-building state changes its mind” 1991

There is often a lack of coherence across the public service : 

There is often a lack of coherence across the public service ‘wars’ between departments Industry groups ‘capturing’ departments

The impact of economic (ir)rationalism: 

The impact of economic (ir)rationalism “small government is good government” Outsourcing Use of consultants New managerialism

What is the role of Government departments in policy?: 

What is the role of Government departments in policy?

The role of Government departments in policy: 

The role of Government departments in policy to formalise the proposal into policy documents to turn the proposal into legislation and to implement the proposal

The only constant is change: 

The only constant is change a large part of a departments power over ministers comes from the lack of knowledge ministers have of an area when they start – and not always the best person gets the job DASETT eg CNR - Became Department of Natural Resources and Environment then split into two 1) Department of Sustainability and Environment and 2) Department of Primary Industries

Policy implications of this situation : 

Policy implications of this situation The average cabinet minister ... [is] an over-worked generalist with little detailed knowledge of his or her portfolio, fighting a losing battle to stay on top of the paperwork and the conflicting demands on their time. As one minister noted, “the sheer volume is quite enormous. It's nothing to cart two linear feet of cabinet documents to cabinet” ... With twenty or more items scheduled for each meeting, another cabinet minister admitted that he read only 10 per cent of cabinet submissions thoroughly-----"and if anyone claims to read more he is lying".   G. Davis et al Public Policy in Australia 2nd edition, 1993: 90

How is policy put in place: 

How is policy put in place Policy through advocacy Policy though money Policy through government action Policy through law

Many policy perspectives/ frameworks(Mayers & Bass Table A1.1): 

Many policy perspectives/ frameworks (Mayers & Bass Table A1.1) perspective rational/ systematic (analytical) instruments/ contents intersectoral pragmatic/ pluralist (analytical + political + social …) political economy (political sciences) anthropological/ historical (social/ cultural sciences) characteristics policy statements eg World Bank instruments/ mechanisms impacts of other sectors eg Repetto/ Kaimowitz … political/ social dimensions eg Mayers & Bass competing interests & power eg Peluso, Toyne and “evidence based” approaches focus on actors/ events eg Filer, Dargavel

Many legitimate policy perspectives/ frameworks: implications: 

Many legitimate policy perspectives/ frameworks: implications multiple valid perspectives not mutually exclusive: Provide both structure + reality all part of the bigger picture: keep in context/ recognise links to understand policy is to understand power & influence which may be overt or subtle (Mayers & Bass)

Policy in practice:policy outcomes: 

Policy in practice: policy outcomes policy outcomes depend on (people): the knowledge, skills & information people have the decisions people take these are influenced by conceptualisation/ paradigms the power they have to act the resources available to them (Mayers & Bass 1.2)

Policy in practice:analytical tools(Mayers & Bass A4): 

Policy in practice: analytical tools (Mayers & Bass A4) Examples: mapping influence & power stakeholder analysis assessing instruments & institutions surveying attitudes & perceptions

Slide79: 

Monitor impact, track changes Scope out work, understand context Understand actors and processes Take action, optimise change Web source

Initial stakeholder map for Ghana’s forests (Kotey et al 1998 - www.iied.org/forestry/tools ): 

Initial stakeholder map for Ghana’s forests (Kotey et al 1998 - www.iied.org/forestry/tools )

Form a group of 6 people: 

Form a group of 6 people Get into a group of about 6 people from your tut Select a environmental policy issue and map the stakeholders