Browne GisinTerminology

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Invasive Alien Species (IAS): Terminology Michael Browne IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group Photo: Scott Kam Bald cypress smothered by Old World climbing fern Lygodium microphyllum; Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida

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The Global Invasive Species Database Increasing public awareness about introduced species that negatively impact biodiversity Facilitating effective prevention and management activities A free, online, searchable database Aimed at a broad audience All taxa from micro-organisms to animals and plants CD-ROM version

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400 + profiles since 2000 20,000 distribution records 30,000 impact records >2000 expert contributors 2 full-time staff, 1 student equivalent Contains information from: Journals, databases, programs, technical reports, assessments, field notes, projects, experts, list servers, our library All GISD profiles reviewed by experts Summary statistics

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Researchers Practitioners Natural resource managers Extension agents Environmental and biodiversity specialists Quarantine and border control personnel Educators and students Individuals and organisations concerned with the environment. GISD audience profile 900 unique visitors per day (58,000 hits per day)

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Search on species name, country, habitat or organism type Combination searches, taxonomic search, 100WW, Site index

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Search on invasive mammals in USA Includes USA eradication records (cattle, goats, etc.)

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IAS are found in all taxonomic groups

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Realm: Terrestrial Freshwater Brackish Marine Habitat types: Agricultural areas Planted forests Urban areas Disturbed areas Marine habitats Estuaries Host Vector Natural forests Coastland Range/grasslands Scrub/shrublands Tundra Desert Lakes Riparian zones Water courses Wetlands Organism types: Virus Bacteria Fungus Arachnid Insect Flatworm Nematode Mollusc Alga/seaweed Anemone Coral Comb jelly Jellyfish Crustacean Starfish Fish Amphibian Reptile Bird Mammal Aquatic plant Palm Tree Shrub Grass Rush Sedge Herb Vine, climber Bromeliad Fern Succulent Preliminary vocabularies

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Short scientific name Taxonomic name Synonyms Common names Organism type Summary Images Description Similar species Habitat type Habitat description General impacts Uses Notes Geographical range Invasion pathways Dispersal methods Management information Nutrition Reproduction Lifecycle stages Compiled by Reviewed by Principal Sources The Global Invasive Species Database You can find the GISD at www.issg.org/database It is mirrored by the NBII at www.invasivespecies.net/database

Distribution page: 

Distribution page

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Introduction and dispersal pathways and vectors Intentional and unintentional introductions

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Acclimatisation Societies Agriculture Aid Angling Aquaculture Aquarium trade Biological control Botanical gardens Breeding Cut flower trade Digestion/excretion Disturbance Dune stabilisation Erosion control Escape from confinement Fisheries Flooding Food Forage Forestry Garden escape Garden waste disposal Harvesting fur/wool/hair Hedges Hitchhiker Horticulture Hunting Industrial purposes Intentional release Cause (Route: from, to, via) Vector Interbasin transfers Interconnected waterways Internet sales Landscape/fauna "improvement" Landscaping industry Live food trade Mariculture delete bc already aquaculture Medicinal use Military movements Natural disaster Nursery trade Off-site preservation Ornamental purposes Other cause People foraging People sharing resources Pet trade Propagation Racing Research Seed trade Self-propelled Smuggling Stocking Timber trade Windbreaks Worm cultivation Zoos Aircraft Aquaculture stock Bait Bulk freight/cargo Clothing/footwear Consumable Container Debris associated with human activities Floating vegetation/debris Germplasm Habitat material Hides, trophies, feathers Host organism Humans Live seafood Luggage Machinery/equipment Mail Mulch, straw, baskets, sod, etc Other live animal Other vector Pet Plant or parts of plants Sailor's seachests Ship ballast water/sediment Ship bilge water Ship holds, cabins, etc. Ship structures above the water line Ship/boat Ship/boat hull fouling Shipping material Soil, sand etc. Vehicles Waste associated with human activities Water Wind From Greg Ruiz and Jim Carlton’s Framework for Vector Science

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The brown tree snake causes US$5 million damge to electrical infrastrucure on Guam per year The field rat consumes 17% of the rice crop in Indonesia Caulerpa taxifolia has affected tourism in the Mediterannean by altering the seafloor from native reefs to a layer of seaweed Taro leaf blight decimated taro production in Samoa and cost US$40 million to its economy Economic impacts

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On Tahiti the tree, Miconia calvescens, reduces biodiversity and can cause landslides Crazy ants have killed 25% of the red land crab population on Christmas Island The brown tree snake has caused the extinction of most of Guam’s native birds Ecological impacts

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Impact type Environmental Human health Economic / livelihood Cultural / amenity Impact mechansim Alleopathic Causes allergic response Competition-Monopolising resources Competition-Shading Competition-Smothering Competition -Strangling Competition-Other Disease transmission Filtration Fouling Herbivory/Grazing/Browsing Hybridisation Induces hypersensitivity Interaction with other invasive species Parisitism Pathogenic Poisoning Pollen swamping Predation Rapid growth Rooting Trampling Impact outcome Altered trophic level Changed gene pool Conflict Damaged ecosystem services Ecosystem change Habitat alteration Host damage Increases vulnerability to invasions Infrastructure damage Loss of endangered species Loss of medicinal resources Loss of native species Modification of fire regime Modification of hydrology Modification of natural benthic comunities Modification of nutrient regime Modification of successional patterns Monoculture formation Negatively impacts agriculture Negatively impacts aquaculture Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices Negatively impacts forestry Negatively impacts human health Negatively impacts livelihoods Negatively impacts mariculture Negatively impacts tourism Obstructs waterways Reduced amenity values Reduced native biodiversity Selective loss of genotypes Soil accretion Threat to endangered species Threat to native species Transportation disruption

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Project ID Name of Project Country/Region Location of project Location type Conservation objective/s of this project Legal, regulatory issues Target area size Target species Disposal methods Target pathway and/or vector Type of project (prevention, control, eradication) Primary, secondary, tertiary methods Non-target issues Planning details Restoration component Start date Completion date Outcomes Confirmation criteria Conservation outcomes Confirmation criteria for conservation outcomes Risk of reinvasion Mechanisms in place to prevent reinvasion Comments and conclusions Lead agencies Contact details Cost Source of this record Date of this record References/documents Management project register

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Search on “North America” 324 species that have been introduced to North America, 42 that include records stating that their origin is uncertain 56 that are native to North America - alien & invasive somewhere else.

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Defining “Alien species” “Introduced outside its natural ecosystem as a direct or indirect result of human activity” (UN Convention on Biological Diversity) <xs:enumeration value=" NativeWithNoFurtherData"/> <xs:enumeration value="Alien"/> <xs:enumeration value="NativeEndemic"/> <xs:enumeration value="NativeNonEndemic"/> <xs:enumeration value="NotSpecified"/> IAS Alien species

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A framework of the invasion process (GISP 2001, adapted from Richardson et al (2000) Photo: National Geographic Defining ‘invasive’

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Under this framework, an alien species may be: localized and numerically rare (stage III) widespread but rare (stage IVa) localized but dominant (stage IVb) Widespread and dominant (stage V) A neutral terminology to define ‘invasive’ species Colautti and MacIsaac (2004)

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Policy oriented definitions: CBD: ‘An alien species whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity’ Clinton’s (1999) ANS Executive Order: ‘An alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health’ IUCN (2000): ‘An alien species that becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitats, is an agent of change, and threatens native biological diversity’ More explicit scientific definitions: Ruiz et al 1997: ‘Introduced species with established population/s that tolerate a range of environmental conditions, possess efficient self-dispersal mechanisms, colonise wide geographical areas, form a common component of the habitats and communities into which they spread, and appear capable of exponential expansion’. Concepts of harm / negative impacts (environmental, economic, health) Concepts of ability to spread

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Rat attacking New Zealand fantail Some terms used in discussing the invasion process:

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You can find the GISD at www.issg.org/database It is mirrored by the NBII at www.invasivespecies.net/database