sasia ppt

SOUTH ASIA I: 

SOUTH ASIA I (CHAPTER 8: 383-393)

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES: 

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES SOUTH ASIA

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA: 

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA WELL DEFINED PHYSIOGRAPHICALLY THE WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST POPULATION CLUSTER THE REGION HAS SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS LOW INCOME ECONOMIES POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA: 

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA THE CULTURAL MOSAIC COMPLICATED BY ANCIENT INVADERS – GREEKS AND MUSLIMS. THE AREA FRAGMENTED ALONG CULTURAL LINES AFTER BRITISH WITHDRAWAL PAKISTAN THE MOST WESTERN COUNTRY OF THE REALM LIES ON THE FLANKS OF TWO RELIGIOUS REALMS – MUSLIM AND HINDU

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA: 

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA INDIA IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST FEDERATION AND THE MOST POPULOUS DEMOCRACY BUT NOT PARALLELED BY ECONOMIC POLICIES.

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA: 

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA RELIGION STILL A VERY POWERFUL FORCE IN THE REGION – HINDUISM IN INDIA, ISLAM IN PAKISTAN, BUDDHISM IN SRI LANKA. ACTIVE AND POTENTIAL BOUNDARY PROBLEMS – BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN IN KASHMIR AND BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS.

Slide7: 

THE REALM Five Regions India Pakistan Bangladesh Mountainous North Southern Islands

REALM OF POVERTY: 

REALM OF POVERTY

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty SOUTH ASIA AT THE DAWN OF THE 21ST CENTURY ACCOUNTS FOR MORE THAN ¹/5 THE WORLD’S POPULATION AND ⅔s OF ITS POOREST INHABITANTS. ITS LITERACY RATES ARE AMONG THE LOWEST IN THE WORLD. NEARLY HALF THE POPULATION EARN AN EQUIVALENT OF 1 USD A DAY.

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty AN ESTIMATE SUGGESTS THAT HALF THE CHILDREN OF THIS REALM ARE MALNOURISHED AND UNDERWEIGHT. MOST OF THE CULPRITS ARE GIRLS. AS A RESULT, THIS REALM HAS BEEN TERMED THE MOST DEPRIVED REALM IN THE WORLD.

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty REASONS FOR THESE PROBLEMS: MOSTLY GEOGRAPHIC – 22 PERCENT OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION BUT JUST 3 PERCENT OF ITS LAND AREA. LACK OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO RAISE LIVING STANDARDS. ALONG WITH GEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS ARE POLITICAL PROBLEMS.

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty THE RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH IN SOUTH ASIA CONTRIBUTES TO ITS PROBLEMS. POPULATION CONCENTRATION IS AROUND ITS MAJOR RIVER VALLEYS COMPLICATING POPULATION DENSITY. THESE MAJOR RIVERS ARE CULTURAL HEATHS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty A BETTER MEASUREMENT OF THE REGION’S POPULATION DENSITY IS THROUGH ITS PHYSIOGRAPHIC DENSITY WHICH IS THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY PER UNIT AREA OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVE LAND. IN INDIA TODAY THIS RATIO IS 1,615 PER SQUARE MILE OR 625 PER SQUARE KM.

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty FURTHER COMPLICATING THE ISSUE OF POPULATION GROWTH IS THE RATE OF NATURAL POPULATION INCREASE. THE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE IS ABOUT 2.0% A YEAR. FROM THIS RATE WE CAN CALCULATE THE DOUBLING TIME OF THE POPULATION.

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty IF WE TAKE PAKISTAN FOR EXAMPLE WITH A POPULATION OF 159 MILLION PEOPLE. ITS GROWTH RATE IS 2.8% MEANING THAT ITS DOUBLING TIME WILL BE IN 25 YEARS. THAT IS THE TIME IT WILL TAKE THE POPULATION TO DOUBLE.

Realm of Poverty: 

Realm of Poverty IT IS ESTIMATED THAT BY 2027, THE POPULATION OF PAKISTAN WILL BE 318 MILLION. INDIA WILL BE 2 BILLION PEOPLE BY 2039. THESE KIND OF INCREASE IS A DETERRENT TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS: 

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS SOUTH ASIA

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia IN GENERAL TERMS, THERE ARE THREE RECOGNIZABLE PHYSIOGRAPHIC ZONES IN SOUTH ASIA. THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS THE SOUTHERN PENINSULA PLATEAUS. RIVER LOWLANDS.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia IF PRECIPITATION IS SUPERIMPOSED ON THIS CONFIGURATION WE WILL SEE AN EAST-WEST PRECIPITATION GRADIENT.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia IT WILL SHOW A WET BANGLADESH AND A DRY PAKISTAN. THIS CONFIGURATION IS BROKEN ONLY BY A NARROW STRIP OF RAINFALL ALONG INDIA’S MALABAR COAST.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia NORTHERN MOUNTAINS: THESE RANGES EXTEND FROM THE HINDU KUSH AND KARAKORAM RANGES IN THE NORTHWEST THROUGH THE HIMALAYAS IN THE CENTER. HERE WE HAVE THE WORLD’S TALLEST MOUNTAIN - MT. EVEREST WHICH IS LOCATED IN NEPAL – 29,029 FEET HIGH.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia THE STRETCH CONTINUES TO THE RANGES OF BHUTAN AND THE INDIAN STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH IN THE EAST. AROUND THE AFGHAN BORDER THE RANGES BECOME DRY AND BARREN.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia IN DISPUTED KASHMIR THE LAND BECOMES GREEN AND TREE INFESTED. AT THE FOOT OF THE MOUNTAINS ARE DEEP VALLEYS CUT THROUGH BY RUNNING WATER FROM MELTING GLACIERS.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia RIVER LOWLANDS: THIS AREA EXTENDS EASTWARD FROM PAKISTAN’S LOWER INDUS VALLEY (THE SIND) THROUGH THE WIDE PLAINS OF THE GANGES VALLEY OF INDIA UNTO THE DOUBLE DELTA OF THE GANGES AND BRAHMAPUTRA IN BANGLADESH. IN THE EAST THIS REGION IS OFTEN CALLED THE NORTH INDIAN PLAIN.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia WEST OF THIS AREA LIES THE INDUS RIVER LOWLAND WHICH RISES FROM TIBET. IT CROSSES KASHMIR AND ENDS UP IN THE PUNJAB – “THE LAND OF FIVE RIVERS.” SOUTHERN PLATEAUS: PENINSULAR INDIA IS MOSTLY PLATEAU.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia NOTABLE IN THIS AREA IS THE DECCAN PLATEAU. THIS IS A MASSIVE TABLELAND CONSTRUCTED OF BASALT THAT POURED OUT IN THE FORM OF LAVA WHEN INDIA BROKE OFF AFRICA DURING CONTINENTAL DRIFT.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia TO THE NORTH OF THE DECCAN PLATEAU ARE TWO PLATEAUS – CENTRAL INDIAN PLATEAU TO THE WEST AND THE CHOTA-NAGPUR PLATEAU TO THE EAST. THE DECCAN (SOUTH) TILTS TO THE EAST SO THAT ITS HIGHEST AREAS ARE IN THE WEST WITH THE MAJOR RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE BAY OF BENGAL.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia On both sides of the Indian peninsular are the eastern and western Ghats (hills) that descend from the Deccan plateau. Rains from the monsoons bring ample rains to this area making this area one of India’s most agricultural productive areas.

Physiographic Regions of South Asia: 

Physiographic Regions of South Asia This area is also one of southern India’s largest population concentration. (Read the Caption – “South Asia’s Life Giving Monsoon.”

Slide31: 

WHAT CLIMATE VARIABLES HELP TO EXPLAIN THIS DISTRIBUTION?

MONSOONS: 

MONSOONS “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life just like the Nile is to Egypt. Seasonal reversal of winds General onshore movement in summer General offshore flow in winter Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime

Monsoons: 

Monsoons

Slide34: 

MONSOON RAINS ESSENTIAL FOR RICE PRODUCTION. HOWEVER…

POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS: 

POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS (RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL) Widespread flooding Property damage Destruction to agricultural lands Damage to transportation infrastructure Homelessness Disease Malnutrition Serious injury Death

Development of the River lowlands: 

Development of the River lowlands The Indus Valley civilization was similar to the Nile culture hearth. This is where innovations diffused from eastward and southward. At the time this culture took root, a new force entered the scene known as the Indo-Europeans or Aryans.

Development of the River lowlands: 

Development of the River lowlands They invaded the Indus Valley from Iran. They adopted many innovations of the Indus civilization and expanded their frontier into the Ganges river valley.

Development of the River lowlands: 

Development of the River lowlands In the process of expanding their frontiers, they conquered and absorbed the tribes they came into contact with. Their language was Sanskrit which broke down into the linguistic complexity of modern day India.

Slide39: 

LANGUAGES Hindi 320 m Bihari 70 m Marathi 67 m Rajasthani 44 m Gujarati 39 m Oriya 31 m Assamese 23 m Sindhi 17 m Sinhalese 13 m Telugu 71m Tamil 67m Kannada 43m Malayalam 35m

CULTURE: 

CULTURE A culturally fragmented realm Religious and linguistic diversity Religious Patterns Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Hinduism is predominant in India. Sikhism thrives in northern India. Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka.

CULTURE HEARTH: The Indus River: 

CULTURE HEARTH: The Indus River Where an early culture emerged and developed Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond. Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC) Buddhism born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD

Slide42: 

RELIGION

Slide43: 

HINDUISM The world’s oldest religion Culture hearth of the Indus River Diffused south and east down the Ganges Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs

HINDUISM: 

HINDUISM Not just a religion An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements No common creed No single doctrine No direct divine revelation No rigid narrow moral code

MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM: 

MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system Reincarnation Karma Dharma

REINCARNATION: 

REINCARNATION Every living thing has a soul. When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

KARMA: 

KARMA Every action brings about certain results. There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions. Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature.

DHARMA: 

DHARMA A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. Each person’s dharma is different.

Slide49: 

Puja or worship Cremation of the dead Regulations of the caste system THREE BASIC PRACTICES

ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM: 

ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.) Emperor Asoka (3rd Century B.C.)

BUDDHISM: 

BUDDHISM Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: 

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS Sorrow and suffering are part of all life. People suffer because they desire things they cannot have. The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting. To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.

EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY: 

EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY Right understanding Right purpose Right speech Right conduct Right means of earning a living Right effort Right awareness Right meditation

FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT: 

FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of Buddha Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of Hinduism Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam

FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT: 

FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries -- Burned libraries -- Killed monks Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India

Slide57: 

PARTITION CHALLENGES: STABILITY REFUGEES

SOUTH ASIA I: 

SOUTH ASIA I (CHAPTER 8: 383-393)

SOUTH ASIA II: 

SOUTH ASIA II (CHAPTER 8: 394-425)

KEY CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO THE REALM: 

KEY CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO THE REALM CENTRIPETAL - CENTRIFUGAL FORCES FORWARD CAPITAL ISLAMABAD THE CAPITAL OF PAKISTAN

KEY CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO THE REALM: 

KEY CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO THE REALM IRREDENTISM (TERRITORY THAT WAS ONCE PART OF ONE COUNTRY BUT IS NOW RULED BY ANOTHER AND SUBJECT TO CLAIMS THAT IT SHOULD BE RETURNED TO ITS FORMER COUNTRY). PATHANS (OR PASHTUNS) OF PAKISTAN RELATED TO PEOPLES OF CENTRAL AFGHANISTAN FEDERAL SYSTEM ADOPTED BY INDIA IN 1947 PROVIDES REGIONS AND PEOPLES WITH SOME AUTONOMY AND IDENTITY

Slide62: 

MUSLIMS IN INDIA 1931 1951 1991

RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS: 

RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS ISLAM Monotheistic No idols One sacred book Uniform dogma - 5 pillars Intolerant (of other religions) Eat beef/Sacrifice cows Bury Dead Social Equality (in theory) Theocratic society HINDUISM Polytheistic Many idols Various sacred writings Varying beliefs Absorbed other religions Venerate cows Burn dead (& alive) Caste separation “State” of secondary importance

KASHMIR: 

KASHMIR INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION JAMMU & KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN KASHMIR – Ruled by HINDU MAHARAJA BUT has MUSLIM POPULATION 1947 – PAKISTANI TRIBESMEN INVADED MAHARAJA FLEES TO DELHI AND ACCEDES TO INDIA

KASHMIR: 

KASHMIR INDIAN TROOPS MOVE IN – PAKISTANI REFULARS JOIN IN JANUARY 1949 – U.N. CEASE FIRE 1980-88 MUSLIM EXTREMISTS CONTINUE INSURGENCY

PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION): 

West Pakistan East Pakistan India PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION)

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY: 

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA) ARITHMETIC- 904/sq mi PHYSIOLOGIC- 1,615/sq mi (US=415/sq mi) KEY MEASURES RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE DOUBLING TIME

POPULATION PROFILES: 

INDIA JAPAN 70+ 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 10-19 0-9 AGE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE 20 10 0 10 20 30 15 0 30 15 Percent of Population Percent of Population POPULATION PROFILES 20-29

Slide69: 

265 22 42 874 7.6 176 53 52 82 865 341 315 36 0 200 400 600 800 1000 People per square mile Europe Russia North America Japan Middle America South America N. Africa/S.W. Asia Subsaharan Africa South Asia Southeast Asia Europe Russia North America Japan Austral Middle America South America N. Africa/S.W. Asia Subsaharan Africa South Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Pacific POPULATION DENSITY World Average = 117/mi2 Realm

POPULATION DENSITY: 

POPULATION DENSITY

Slide71: 

POPULATION GROWTH

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL: 

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Slide74: 

133,000,000 50,300 2,644 people/ sq mile UNITED STATES 77 people/ sq mile POPULATION DENSITY COMPARISON United States - Bangladesh BANGLADESH

GREEN REVOLUTION: 

GREEN REVOLUTION THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD, FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960s FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA: MIRACLE CROPS NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS

TARGETED AREAS FOR G.R.: 

TARGETED AREAS FOR G.R.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(INDIA): 

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (INDIA) LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND MODERN AGRICULTURE HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY A MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES AND NUCLEAR POWER

INDIA’S GREAT CITIES: 

INDIA’S GREAT CITIES MUMBAI (BOMBAY)- 19.4 MILLION ACHIEVED “PRIMACY” BASED ON ITS SITUATION (SUEZ CANAL) KOLKATA (CALCUTTA)- 13.5 MILLION 500,000 HOMELESS FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL- 1772 ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY PARTITION DELHI (NEW AND OLD)- 13.6 MILLION BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(BANGLADESH): 

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (BANGLADESH) LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) ONE OF THE WORLD’S POOREST AND LEAST DEVELOPED STATES ECONOMY IS OVERWHELMINGLY AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATION OF RICE IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY IN THE ECONOMY.

BANGLADESH: 

BANGLADESH INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971 FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN 85% MUSLIM, 12% HINDU 133 MILLION PEOPLE PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY = 3,622/sq mi 1.9% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA GNP = 350 US DOLLARS NATURAL HAZARDS - CYCLONES

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(PAKISTAN): 

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (PAKISTAN) LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) A POOR COUNTRY THAT SUPPORTS A LARGE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION BEGAN IN 1990 TO BOOST FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRIVATE INVESTMENT.

SRI LANKA: 

SRI LANKA INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948 19.7 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS) PLANTATION AGRICULTURE: TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION) ARYAN BUDDHISTS SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN) NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION) DRAVIDIAN HINDU TAMIL LANGUAGE

Slide83: 

Sinhalese vs Tamils Tamils - demanded equal rights in: -- education -- employment -- landownership -- linguistic & political representation Insurgent State LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam SRI LANKA

END OF LECTURE: 

END OF LECTURE