Slide1: Creating a Sustainable Cycle of Innovation
Harvey B Newman, Caltech
WSIS Pan European Regional Ministerial Conference Bucharest, November 7-9 2002 Global Virtual Organizations for Data Intensive Science
Challenges of Data Intensive Science and Global VOs: Challenges of Data Intensive Science and Global VOs Geographical dispersion: of people and resources
Scale: Tens of Petabytes per year of data
Complexity: Scientic Instruments and information 5000+ Physicists
250+ Institutes
60+ Countries Major challenges associated with:
Communication and collaboration at a distance
Managing globally distributed computing & data resources
Cooperative software development and physics analysis
New Forms of Distributed Systems: Data Grids
Emerging Data Grid User Communities: Emerging Data Grid User Communities Grid Physics Projects (GriPhyN/iVDGL/EDG)
ATLAS, CMS, LIGO, SDSS; BaBar/D0/CDF
NSF Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES)
Integrated instrumentation, collaboration, simulation
Access Grid; VRVS: supporting new modes of group-based collaboration
And
Genomics, Proteomics, ...
The Earth System Grid and EOSDIS
Federating Brain Data
Computed MicroTomography …
Virtual Observatories Grids are Having a Global Impact on Research in Science & Engineering
Global Networks for HENP and Data Intensive Science : Global Networks for HENP and Data Intensive Science National and International Networks with sufficient capacity and capability, are essential today for
The daily conduct of collaborative work in both experiment and theory
Data analysis by physicists from all world regions
The conception, design and implementation of next generation facilities, as “global (Grid) networks”
“Collaborations on this scale would never have been attempted, if they could not rely on excellent networks” – L. Price, ANL
Grids Require Seamless Network Systems with Known, High Performance
High Speed Bulk Throughput BaBar Example [and LHC]: Data volume Moore’s law High Speed Bulk Throughput BaBar Example [and LHC] Driven by:
HENP data rates, e.g. BaBar ~500TB/year, Data rate from experiment >20 MBytes/s; [5-75 Times More at LHC]
Grid of Multiple regional computer centers (e.g. Lyon-FR, RAL-UK, INFN-IT, CA: LBNL, LLNL, Caltech) need copies of data
Need high-speed networks and the ability to utilize them fully
High speed Today = 1 TB/day (~100 Mbps Full Time)
Develop 10-100 TB/day Capability (Several Gbps Full Time) within the next 1-2 years Data Volumes More than Doubling Each Yr; Driving Grid, Network Needs
HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps: HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps Continuing the Trend: ~1000 Times Bandwidth Growth Per Decade; We are Rapidly Learning to Use and Share Multi-Gbps Networks
AMS-IX Internet Exchange Thruput Accelerating Growth in Europe (NL): AMS-IX Internet Exchange Thruput Accelerating Growth in Europe (NL) Monthly Traffic 4X Growth In 14 Months 8/01 – 10/02 ↓ 2 Gbps 8 Gbps 6 Gbps 4 Gbps HENP & World BW Growth: 3-4 Times Per Year; 2 to 3 Times Moore’s Law
National Light Rail Footprint: National Light Rail Footprint NLR
Buildout Starts November 2002
Initially 4 10 Gb Wavelengths
To 40 10Gb Waves in Future NREN Backbones reached 2.5-10 Gbps in 2002 in Europe, Japan and US; US: Transition now to optical, dark fiber, multi-wavelength R&E network
Distributed System Services Architecture (DSSA): CIT/Romania/Pakistan: Distributed System Services Architecture (DSSA): CIT/Romania/Pakistan
Agents: Autonomous, Auto-discovering, self-organizing, collaborative
“Station Servers” (static) host mobile “Dynamic Services”
Servers interconnect dynamically; form a robust fabric in which mobile agents travel, with a payload of (analysis) tasks
Adaptable to Web services: OGSA; and many platforms
Adaptable to Ubiquitous, mobile working environments Managing Global Systems of Increasing Scope and Complexity, In the Service of Science and Society, Requires A New Generation of Scalable, Autonomous, Artificially Intelligent Software Systems
Slide10: By I. Legrand (Caltech)
Deployed on US CMS Grid
Agent-based Dynamic information / resource discovery mechanism
Implemented in
Java/Jini; SNMP
WDSL / SOAP with UDDI
Part of a Global “Grid Control Room” Service
http://cil.cern.ch:8080/MONALISA/ MonaLisa: A Globally Scalable Grid Monitoring System
History - Throughput Quality Improvements from US to World : History - Throughput Quality Improvements from US to World Bandwidth of TCP < MSS/(RTT*Sqrt(Loss)) (1) 80% annual improvement Factor ~100/8 yr Progress, but the Digital Divide is Maintained: Action is Required
NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km): http://www.terena.nl/compendium/2002: NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km): http://www.terena.nl/compendium/2002 Perspectives on the Digital Divide: Int’l, Local, Regional, Political
Building Petascale Global Grids: Implications for Society: Building Petascale Global Grids: Implications for Society Meeting the challenges of Petabyte-to-Exabyte Grids, and Gigabit-to-Terabit Networks, will transform research in science and engineering
These developments could create the first truly global virtual organizations (GVO)
If these developments are successful, and deployed widely as standards, this could lead to profound advances in industry, commerce and society at large
By changing the relationship between people and “persistent” information in their daily lives
Within the next five to ten years
Realizing the benefits of these developments for society, and creating a sustainable cycle of innovation compels us
TO CLOSE the DIGITAL DIVIDE
Recommendations: Recommendations To realize the Vision of Global Grids, governments, international institutions and funding agencies should:
Define IT international policies (for instance AAA)
Support establishment of international standards
Provide adequate funding to continue R&D in Grid and Network technologies
Deploy international production Grid and Advanced Network testbeds on a global scale
Support education and training in Grid & Network technologies for new communities of users
Create open policies, and encourage joint development programs, to help Close the Digital Divide
The WSIS RO meeting, starting today, is an important step in the right direction
Some Extra Slides Follow: Some Extra Slides Follow
Slide16: IEEAF: Internet Educational Equal Access Foundation; Bandwidth Donations for Research and Education
Next Generation Requirements for Physics Experiments: Next Generation Requirements for Physics Experiments Rapid access to event samples and analyzed results drawn from massive data stores
From Petabytes in 2002, ~100 Petabytes by 2007, to ~1 Exabyte by ~2012.
Coordinating and managing the large but LIMITED computing, data and network resources effectively
Persistent access to physicists throughout the world, for collaborative work
Grid Reliance on Networks
Advanced applications such as Data Grids rely on seamless operation of Local and Wide Area Networks
With reliable, quantifiable high performance
Networks, Grids and HENP: Networks, Grids and HENP Grids are changing the way we do science and engineering
Next generation 10 Gbps network backbones are here: in the US, Europe and Japan; across oceans
Optical Nets with many 10 Gbps wavelengths will follow
Removing regional, last mile bottlenecks and compromises in network quality are now All on the critical path
Network improvements are especially needed in SE Europe, So. America; and many other regions:
Romania; India, Pakistan, China; Brazil, Chile; Africa
Realizing the promise of Network & Grid technologies means
Building a new generation of high performance network tools; artificially intelligent scalable software systems
Strong regional and inter-regional funding initiatives to support these ground breaking developments
Closing the Digital Divide: Closing the Digital Divide What HENP and the World Community Can Do
Spread the message: ICFA SCIC, IEEAF et al. can help
Help identify and highlight specific needs (to Work On)
Policy problems; Last Mile problems; etc.
Encourage Joint programs [Virtual Silk Road project; Japanese links to SE Asia and China; AMPATH to So. America]
NSF & LIS Proposals: US and EU to South America
Make direct contacts, arrange discussions with gov’t officials
ICFA SCIC is prepared to participate where appropriate
Help Start, Get Support for Workshops on Networks & Grids
Encourage, help form funded programs
Help form Regional support & training groups [Requires Funding]
LHC Data Grid Hierarchy: LHC Data Grid Hierarchy Tier 1 Online System CERN 700k SI95 ~1 PB Disk; Tape Robot FNAL: 200k SI95; 600 TB IN2P3 Center INFN Center RAL Center Institute Institute Institute Institute ~0.25TIPS Workstations ~100-400 MBytes/sec 2.5-10 Gbps 0.1–10 Gbps Physicists work on analysis “channels”
Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channels Physics data cache ~PByte/sec ~2.5-10 Gbps ~2.5 Gbps Tier 0 +1 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 2 Experiment CERN/Outside Resource Ratio ~1:2 Tier0/( Tier1)/( Tier2) ~1:1:1
Slide21: Two centers are trying to work as one:
-Data not duplicated
-Internationalization
-transparent access, etc Tier A "Physicists have indeed foreseen to test the GRID principles starting first from the Computing Centres in Lyon and Stanford (California). A first step towards the ubiquity of the GRID."
Le Monde 12 april 2001 CERN-US Line + Abilene Renater + ESnet 3/2002 LHC Grid Wkshop 3/02; 2003: to 1 Gbps range 0.5 PB and UP; LHC 10 to 100 Times Greater
Why Grids?: Why Grids? 1,000 physicists worldwide pool resources for petaop analyses of petabytes of data
A biochemist exploits 10,000 computers to screen 100,000 compounds in an hour
Civil engineers collaborate to design, execute, & analyze shake table experiments
Climate scientists visualize, annotate, & analyze terabyte simulation datasets
An emergency response team couples real time data, weather model, population data
Why Grids? (contd): Why Grids? (contd) Scientists at a multinational company collaborate on the design of a new product
A multidisciplinary analysis in aerospace couples code and data in four companies
An HMO mines data from its member hospitals for fraud detection
An application service provider offloads excess load to a compute cycle provider
An enterprise configures internal & external resources to support e-business workload
Grids: Why Now?: Grids: Why Now? Moore’s law improvements in computing produce highly functional endsystems
The Internet and burgeoning wired and wireless provide universal connectivity
Changing modes of working and problem solving emphasize teamwork, computation
Network exponentials produce dramatic changes in geometry and geography
9-month doubling: double Moore’s law!
1986-2001: x340,000; 2001-2010: x4000?
A Short List: Revolutions in Information Technology (2002-7) : A Short List: Revolutions in Information Technology (2002-7) Scalable Data-Intensive Metro and Long Haul Network Technologies
DWDM: 10 Gbps then 40 Gbps per ; 1 to 10 Terabits/sec per fiber
10 Gigabit Ethernet (See www.10gea.org) 10GbE / 10 Gbps LAN/WAN integration
Metro Buildout and Optical Cross Connects
Dynamic Provisioning Dynamic Path Building
“Lambda Grids”
Defeating the “Last Mile” Problem (Wireless; or Ethernet in the First Mile)
3G and 4G Wireless Broadband (from ca. 2003); and/or Fixed Wireless “Hotspots”
Fiber to the Home
Community-Owned Networks
Grid Architecture: Grid Architecture Connectivity Resource Collective Application Fabric Internet Transport Appli- cation Link Internet Protocol Architecture More info: www.globus.org/research/papers/anatomy.pdf
Slide27: Grid projects have been a step forward for HEP and LHC: a path to meet the “LHC Computing” challenges
But: the differences between HENP Grids and classical Grids are not yet fully appreciated
The original Computational and Data Grid concepts are largely stateless, open systems: known to be scalable
Analogous to the Web
The classical Grid architecture has a number of implicit assumptions
The ability to locate and schedule suitable resources, within a tolerably short time (i.e. resource richness)
Short transactions; Relatively simple failure modes
HEP Grids are data-intensive and resource constrained
Long transactions; some long queues
Schedule conflicts; [policy decisions]; task redirection
A Lot of global system state to be monitored+tracked LHC Distributed CM: HENP Data Grids Versus Classical Grids
Upcoming Grid Challenges: Building a Globally Managed Distributed System: Upcoming Grid Challenges: Building a Globally Managed Distributed System Maintaining a Global View of Resources and System State
End-to-end System Monitoring
Adaptive Learning: new paradigms for execution optimization (eventually automated)
Workflow Management, Balancing Policy Versus Moment-to-moment Capability to Complete Tasks
Balance High Levels of Usage of Limited Resources Against Better Turnaround Times for Priority Jobs
Goal-Oriented; Steering Requests According to (Yet to be Developed) Metrics
Robust Grid Transactions In a Multi-User Environment
Realtime Error Detection, Recovery
Handling User-Grid Interactions: Guidelines; Agents
Building Higher Level Services, and an Integrated User Environment for the Above
Slide29: (Physicists’) Application Codes
Experiments’ Software Framework Layer
Needs to be Modular and Grid-aware: Architecture able to interact effectively with the Grid layers
Grid Applications Layer (Parameters and algorithms that govern system operations)
Policy and priority metrics
Workflow evaluation metrics
Task-Site Coupling proximity metrics
Global End-to-End System Services Layer
Monitoring and Tracking Component performance
Workflow monitoring and evaluation mechanisms
Error recovery and redirection mechanisms
System self-monitoring, evaluation and optimization mechanisms Interfacing to the Grid: Above the Collective Layer
Slide30: GENEVA ABILENE ESNET CALREN NewYork STAR-TAP STARLIGHT DataTAG Project EU-Solicited Project. CERN, PPARC (UK), Amsterdam (NL), and INFN (IT); and US (DOE/NSF: UIC, NWU and Caltech) partners
Main Aims:
Ensure maximum interoperability between US and EU Grid Projects
Transatlantic Testbed for advanced network research
2.5 Gbps Wavelength Triangle 7/02 (10 Gbps Triangle in 2003) Wave Triangle
TeraGrid (www.teragrid.org) NCSA, ANL, SDSC, Caltech: TeraGrid (www.teragrid.org) NCSA, ANL, SDSC, Caltech NCSA/UIUC ANL UIC Multiple Carrier Hubs Starlight / NW Univ Ill Inst of Tech Univ of Chicago Indianapolis (Abilene NOC) I-WIRE Caltech San Diego
DTF Backplane: 4 X 10 Gbps Abilene Chicago Indianapolis Urbana OC-48 (2.5 Gb/s, Abilene) Multiple 10 GbE (Qwest) Multiple 10 GbE (I-WIRE Dark Fiber) Source: Charlie Catlett, Argonne A Preview of the Grid Hierarchy and Networks of the LHC Era
Baseline BW for the US-CERN Link: HENP Transatlantic WG (DOE+NSF): Baseline BW for the US-CERN Link: HENP Transatlantic WG (DOE+NSF) DataTAG 2.5 Gbps Research Link in Summer 2002
10 Gbps Research Link by Approx. Mid-2003 Transoceanic Networking Integrated with the Abilene, TeraGrid, Regional Nets and Continental Network Infrastructures in US, Europe, Asia, South America Baseline evolution typical of major HENP links 2001-2006
HENP As a Driver of Networks: Petascale Grids with TB Transactions: HENP As a Driver of Networks: Petascale Grids with TB Transactions Problem: Extract “Small” Data Subsets of 1 to 100 Terabytes from 1 to 1000 Petabyte Data Stores
Survivability of the HENP Global Grid System, with hundreds of such transactions per day (circa 2007) requires that each transaction be completed in a relatively short time.
Example: Take 800 secs to complete the transaction. Then
Transaction Size (TB) Net Throughput (Gbps)
1 10
10 100
100 1000 (Capacity of Fiber Today)
Summary: Providing Switching of 10 Gbps wavelengths within ~3 years; and Terabit Switching within 5-8 years would enable “Petascale Grids with Terabyte transactions”, as required to fully realize the discovery potential of major HENP programs, as well as other data-intensive fields.
National Research Networks in Japan: National Research Networks in Japan SuperSINET
Started operation January 4, 2002
Support for 5 important areas:
HEP, Genetics, Nano-Technology, Space/Astronomy, GRIDs
Provides 10 ’s:
10 Gbps IP connection
7 Direct intersite GbE links
Some connections to 10 GbE in JFY2002
HEPnet-J
Will be re-constructed with MPLS-VPN in SuperSINET
Proposal: Two TransPacific 2.5 Gbps Wavelengths, and Japan-CERN Grid Testbed by ~2003 Tokyo Osaka Nagoya Internet Osaka U Kyoto U ICR Kyoto-U Nagoya U NIFS NIG IMS U-Tokyo NAO U Tokyo NII
Hitot. IP WDM path IP router ISAS
Slide35: National R&E Network Example Germany: DFN TransAtlantic Connectivity Q1 2002
2 X 2.5G Now: NY-Hamburg and NY-Frankfurt
ESNet peering at 34 Mbps
Direct Peering to Abilene and Canarie expected
UCAID will add another 2 OC48’s; Proposing a Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN)
FSU Connections via satellite: Yerevan, Minsk, Almaty, Baikal
Speeds of 32 - 512 kbps
SILK Project (2002): NATO funding
Links to Caucasus and Central Asia (8 Countries)
Currently 64-512 kbps
Propose VSAT for 10-50 X BW: NATO + State Funding
Slide36: RNP Brazil (to 20 Mbps) FIU Miami/So. America (to 80 Mbps)
Slide37: The simulation program developed within MONARC (Models Of Networked Analysis At Regional Centers) uses a process- oriented approach for discrete event simulation, and provides a realistic modelling tool for large scale distributed systems.
Modeling and Simulation: MONARC System SIMULATION of Complex Distributed Systems for LHC
Globally Scalable Monitoring Service:
Farm
Monitor
Client
(other service) Lookup
Service Lookup
Service
Farm
Monitor
Discovery Proxy Component Factory
GUI marshaling
Code Transport
RMI data access Push & Pull
rsh & ssh scripts; snmp Globally Scalable Monitoring Service I. Legrand RC
Monitor
Service Registration
MONARC SONN: 3 Regional Centres Learning to Export Jobs: MONARC SONN: 3 Regional Centres Learning to Export Jobs NUST
20 CPUs CERN 30 CPUs CALTECH
25 CPUs 1MB/s ; 150 ms RTT 1.2 MB/s
150 ms RTT 0.8 MB/s
200 ms RTT Day = 9 = 0.73 = 0.66 = 0.83 By I. Legrand
COJAC: CMS ORCA Java Analysis Component: Java3D Objectivity JNI Web Services: COJAC: CMS ORCA Java Analysis Component: Java3D Objectivity JNI Web Services
Internet2 HENP WG [*] : Internet2 HENP WG [*] Mission: To help ensure that the required
National and international network infrastructures (end-to-end)
Standardized tools and facilities for high performance and end-to-end monitoring and tracking [Gridftp; bbcp…]
Collaborative systems
are developed and deployed in a timely manner, and used effectively to meet the needs of the US LHC and other major HENP Programs, as well as the at-large scientific community.
To carry out these developments in a way that is broadly applicable across many fields
Formed an Internet2 WG as a suitable framework: October 2001
[*] Co-Chairs: S. McKee (Michigan), H. Newman (Caltech); Sec’y J. Williams (Indiana)
Website: http://www.internet2.edu/henp; also see the Internet2 End-to-end Initiative: http://www.internet2.edu/e2e
A Short List: Coming Revolutions in Information Technology : A Short List: Coming Revolutions in Information Technology Storage “Virtualization” [ A Single Logical Resource]
Grid-enabled Storage Resource Middleware (SRM)
iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Storage Interface); Integrated with 10 GbE Global File Systems
Internet Information Software Technologies
Global Information “Broadcast” Architecture
E.g the Multipoint Information Distribution Protocol (Tie.Liao@inria.fr)
Programmable Coordinated Agent Architectures
E.g. Mobile Agent Reactive Spaces (MARS) by Cabri et al., University of Modena
The “Data Grid” - Human Interface
Interactive monitoring and control of Grid resources
By authorized groups and individuals
By Autonomous Agents
Slide43: Palat Telefoane 1G link 1G backup link Romana Victoriei Gara de Nord Eroilor Izvor Universitate Unirii NOC Cat3550-24-L3 C7206 w Gigabit C7513 w Gigabit Cat4000 L3 Sw Bucharest MAN for Ro-Grid ICI IFIN 100Mbps 10/100/1000Mbps
Slide44: RoEdu Network