Formalities with audio

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Principles of Land Law: 

Principles of Land Law Formalities

Types of formality: 

Types of formality Writing Made in writing Evidenced in writing Deed

Why have formalities?: 

Why have formalities? Prevent fraud Cooling-off period Make people think things through in detail

Legal estates in land: 

Legal estates in land Deed needed to create, extinguish or transfer a legal estate in land

How companies execute a deed: 

How companies execute a deed Affix seal Countersigned by two directors or a director and the company secretary If this is done it is normally presumed that the company has followed the procedure specified in its constitution

Declarations of trust of land: 

Declarations of trust of land Can be oral Must be evidenced in writing Otherwise valid but unenforceable

Sale of land: 

Sale of land Preliminary contract Formal contract Completion 1 2 3 Equitable title certainly passes by end of stage 2 at the latest Legal title passes at end of stage 3

Contract formalities: 

Contract formalities Written contract or memorandum Signed by the party ‘to be charged’ or his lawfully authorised representative

What counts as a memorandum?: 

What counts as a memorandum? Correspondence between the parties? Subject to contract prevents ‘premature’ contract formation May be possible to read several documents together to create the memorandum

Doctrine of part performance: 

Doctrine of part performance There may still be a binding contract even though there is no written contract or memorandum

Requirements: 

Requirements Binding agreement (only the writing is missing) Sufficient oral evidence of the agreement Acts pointing to the existence of the contract A contract (concerning the land?) is the most likely explanation for the acts The party denying the contract knew of the acts relied on

The rule in Walsh v Lonsdale: 

The rule in Walsh v Lonsdale Equity looks on that as done as ought to be done An agreement for lease creates an equitable lease Provided specific performance available (it usually is)

Proprietary estoppel: 

Proprietary estoppel Promise or representation Relied on by the other person To that other person’s detriment

Short leases: 

Short leases Legal lases for 3 years or less at a full market rent and where the tenant is entitled to possession need not take the form of a deed and can even be oral

Next week: 

Next week Registration and priorities