BMS 631 - LECTURE 1Flow Cytometry: TheoryJ.Paul RobinsonProfessor of ImmunopharmacologyProfessor of Biomedical EngineeringSchools of Veterinary Medicine & EngineeringPurdue University: BMS 631 - LECTURE 1 Flow Cytometry: Theory J.Paul Robinson Professor of Immunopharmacology Professor of Biomedical Engineering Schools of Veterinary Medicine & Engineering Purdue University Hansen Hall, B050 Purdue University Office: 494 0757 Fax 494 0517 email\; robinson@flowcyt.cyto.purdue.edu WEB http://www.cyto.purdue.edu Introduction Course Requirements Lecture Series: 2002


Structure of this course: Structure of this course Lectures: The class consists primarily of lectures and lecture discussions with mini tutorials as necessary. Practicals: There are no practical components to the 631 course. We will however, look at some instruments and instrument components to gain some perspectives. Quizes: There is a midterm quiz and an end of term quiz. They are worth 60% of the grade. Seminar: Each student must present a seminar at the conclusion of the course. This seminar must be discussed with the course director prior to preparation. This is worth 30% of the final grade.


Sources of information: Sources of information Flow Cytometry and Sorting, 2nd ed. (M.R. Melamed, T. Lindmo, M.L. Mendelsohn, eds.), Wiley-Liss, New York, 1990 - referred to here as MLM Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis (M.A. Van Dilla, P.N. Dean, O.D. Laerum, M.R. Melamed, eds.), Academic Press, London, 1985 – referred to as VDLM Practical Flow Cytometry 3nd edition (1994),H. Shapiro: Alan R. Liss, New York - referred to as PFC Introduction to Flow Cytometry. J. Watson, Cambridge Press, 1991 referred to as IFC Methods in Cell Biology: v.40,41, 63, 64 Darzynkiewicz, Robinson & Crissman, Academic Press, 1994, 2000 MCB Data Analysis in Flow Cytometry:A Dynamic Approach-Book on CDROM M. Ormerod referred to as DAFC Flow Cytometry: First Principles. (2nd Ed) Alice Longobardi Givan, Wiley-Liss, 2001 referred to as AFCFP Note: All of these books are in Prof. Robinson’s library in Hansen Hall, Room B50 and may be checked out for 24 hour periods with permission. More information on flow cytometry books can be found on our website at: http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/flowcyt/books/bookindx.htm


Sources: Sources Flow Cytometry and Sorting, 2nd ed. (M.R. Melamed, T. Lindmo, M.L. Mendelsohn, eds.), Wiley-Liss, New York, 1990 - referred to here as MLM Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation and Data Analysis (M.A. Van Dilla, P.N. Dean, O.D. Laerum, M.R. Melamed, eds.), Academic Press, London, 1985 - VDLM Practical Flow Cytometry 4th edition (2003),H. Shapiro: Alan R. Liss, New York - PFC Introduction to Flow Cytometry. J. Watson, Cambridge Press, 1991 IFC Methods in Cell Biology: v.40,41, 62, 63 Darzynkiewicz, Robinson & Crissman, Academic Press, 1994, (Vol 62,63, 2000) MCB Data Analysis in Flow Cytometry:A Dynamic Approach-Book on CDROM M. Ormerod DAFC Flow Cytometry: First Principles. 2nd Edition Alice Longobardi Givan, Wiley-Liss, 2000 AFCFP


Methods and Practical Assistance: Methods and Practical Assistance For help with protocols there are several choices including the MCB references on the previous slide (Methods in Cell Biology) The Handbook of Flow Cytometry Methods Current Protocols in Cytometry


Reference Material: Reference Material The course will use Shapiro: Practical Flow Cytometry, 4nd edition (2003), Howard Shapiro, Wiley-Liss, New York, as the main reference text. Supplementary texts: Introduction to Flow Cytometry. J. Watson, Cambridge Press, 1991 Flow Cytometry: First Principles. Alice Longobardi Givan, Wiley-Liss, 1992 Flow Cytometry: A Practical Approach. M.G. Omerod, IRL Press, 1990 Methods in Cell Biology: vols 40,41. Darzynkiewicz, Robinson & Crissman, Academic Press, 1994 Flow Cytometry, Advanced Research and Clinical Applications. A. Yen, CRC Press


Additional Sources: Additional Sources Powerpoint presentations references as J.Paul Robinson (JPR); Robert Murphry (RFM), Carleton Stewart (CS) Web sources of these presentation are: http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/flowcyt/educate/pptslide.htm http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/flowcyt/educate1.htm Additional Sources include the Purdue Cytometry CD-ROM series Vol. 1 Vol. 2 Vol. 3 Vol. 4 Vol. 5 Microscopy 1 Volumes 6 and 7 (Cytomics) are also available as of 2002 and 2003


Week 1: Week 1 Introduction to the course. Discussion of texts and associated reading materials. Discussion of expectations of students and special concerns. Methods of evaluation and testing for the course. Allocation of special review areas and discussion of areas for presentation of laboratory seminar. Introduction to flow cytometry principles References: (Shapiro pp 1-5; Watson pp 1-4; Givan pp 1-9)


Student Seminars: Student Seminars Allowable Topics for Seminars The topic for the student seminar must be based upon an understanding of a component of the technology. It must demonstrate a complete understanding of the principle involved and the application to biology. Evaluation: The seminar counts for 30% of the course. See requirements below. EXAMPLES OF PREVIOUS SEMINARS - Evaluation of Small Particles using Flow Cytometry - Kinetic Measurements using Flow Cytometry - Monoclonal Antibodies, Avidin-Biotin Technology using Fluorescent Conjugates in Flow Cytometry - Fluorescent Molecules used in Flow Cytometry - Optical Filters used in Flow Cytometry - The Optical System in a Flow Cytometer - The Fluidic System of a Flow Cytometer - The Principles of Sorting in Flow Cytometry - Parameters used in Flow Cytometry - Parameters & Probes for Evaluation of DNA & RNA in Flow Cytometry - others will be added as necessary RULES: Presentations on research projects WILL NOT BE ALLOWED. The purpose of this seminar is to demonstrate your technical knowledge in a particular area of flow cytometry. The seminar may be videotaped and must not exceed 20 minutes or be less than 15 minutes. All presentations must be made using Powerpoint. Copies of both electronic and hardcopy must be provided in advance for evaluation. All material must be approved by the course instructor before presentation.


General introduction to flow cytometry: General introduction to flow cytometry Introduction to the terminology, types of measurements, capabilities of flow cytometry, uses & applications Comparison between flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy Transmitted light Scatter Sensitivity, precision of measurements, statistics, populations


Publications using the keyword “flow cytometry” from : Publications using the keyword “flow cytometry” from The growth of diagnostic and phenotypic determination technologies 62,496 references (2002) 1st


Slide12: 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Papers Published per year in: Image Cytometry Image Analysis Confocal Microscopy Confocal Year Papers } Medline 1996 1998


Technical Components: Technical Components Detection Systems Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) Historically 1-2 Current Instruments 3-9 Diodes Light scatter detectors Illumination Systems Lasers (350-363, 405, 420, 457, 488, 514, 532, 600, 633 nm) Argon ion, Krypton ion, HeNe, HeCd, Yag Arc Lamps Mercury, Mercury-Xenon (most lines)


Stains...: Stains... Up to 1850’s - only natural stains were available such as Saffron (which was what Leeuwenhoek used to stain muscle cells) Ehrlich - used acidic and basic dyes to identify acidophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic leukocytes 1880’s to study the dynamics of ocular fluids- used fluorescein Fluorescence UV Microscope - August Köhler - 1904 Pappenheim & Unna (early 1900’s) - combined methyl green and pyronin to stain nuclei green and cytoplasm red Robert Feulgen (1925) - demonstrated that DNA was present in both animal and plant cell nuclei - developed a stoichiometric procedure for staining DNA involving a derivatizing dye, (fuchsin) to a Schiff base


Fluorescence Labeling Technique: Fluorescence Labeling Technique Coons et al 1941 - developed the fluorescence antibody technique - they labeled antipneumococcal antibodies with anthracine allowing them to detect both the organism and the antibody in tissue using UV excited blue fluorescence Manuscript: Immunological Properties of an Antibody Containing a Fluorescent Group Albert H. Coons, Hugh J. Creech and R. Norman Jones Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, and the Chemical Laboratory, Harvard University Proc. Soc. Exp.Biol.Med. 47:200-202, 1941 “Moreover, when Type II and III organisms were dried on different parts of the same slide, exposed to the conjugate for 30 minutes, washed in saline and distilled water, and mounted in glycerol, individual Type III organisms could be seen with the fluorescence microscope……” Coons and Kaplan (1950) - conjugated fluorescein with isocyanate - better blue green fluorescent signal - further away from tissue autofluorescence. This method used a very dangerous preparative step using phosgene gas


Avery: Avery (1944) Oswald T. Avery (1887-1955) - demonstrated that DNA was the carrier of genetic information The Discovery of the "Transforming Principle" Avery’s key discovery was that the transforming substance, which produced permanent, heritable change in an organism (pneumococci), was deoxyribonucleic acid. The phenomenon of transformation, Avery wrote, "has been interpreted from a genetic point of view. The inducing substance has been likened to a gene, and the capsular antigen which is produced in response to it has been regarded as a gene product." …. ”…If the results of the present study on the chemical nature of the transforming principle are confirmed, then nucleic acids must be regarded as possessing biological specificity...." Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1944


Gucker - 1947: Gucker - 1947 Developed a flow cytometer for detection of bacteria in aerosols Published paper in 1947 (work was done during WWII and was classified). Goal was rapid identification of airborne bacteria and spores used in biological warfare Instrument: Sheath of filtered air flowing through a dark-field flow illuminated chamber. Light source was a Ford headlamp, PMT detector (very early use of PMT)


Friedman: Friedman Friedman (1950) - combined acid fuchsin, acridine yellow and berberine for uterine cancer detection using fluorescence microscopy Acid Fuchsin Other Names Acid magenta Acid rubin Acid roseine Absorption Max 540-545


P.J. Crossland-Taylor: P.J. Crossland-Taylor Sheath Flow Principle A Device for Counting Small Particles Suspended in a Fluid through a Tube P.J. Crosland-Taylor Bland-Sutton Institute of Pathology Middlesex Hospital, London, W.1. June 17, 1952 Nature 171: 37-38, 1953 “Provided there is no turbulence, the wide column of particles will then be accelerated to form a narrow column surrounded by fluid of the same refractive index which in turn is enclosed in a tube which will not interfere with observation of its axial content.”


Watson & Crick: Watson & Crick The work which began with Avery's identification of DNA as the "transforming principle" thus led to research that overturned the old conception of DNA as a repetitive and simple molecule, confirmed DNA's role in genetic transmission, and, with James Watson and Francis Crick's 1953 paper, elucidated its structure. J. D. WATSON and F. H. C. CRICK A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Nature, 2 April 1953, VOL 171,737 1953 This is a picture of part of the original model built by Watson and Crick at Cambridge in 1953.


von Bertalanffy & Bickis: von Bertalanffy & Bickis Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972) von Bertalanffy & Bickis (1956) - the metachromatic fluorescence of AO was used to identify and quantitate RNA in tissues - also that normal and malignant cells could be discriminated Absorption Max 467 nm


Early Cell Counter: Early Cell Counter Early cell counter. Katherine Williams and C.S. Sanders (Atomic Energy Research Establishment) 1948 - Unclassified in 1956. (Photo taken in Science Museum, London UK)


The first Coulter Counter: The first Coulter Counter High Speed Automatic Blood Cell Counter and Cell Size Analyzer Wallace H. Coulter Coulter Electronics, Chicago, Illinois :1034-1042, 1956


Wallace Coulter - Coulter orifice - 1948-1956: Wallace Coulter - Coulter orifice - 1948-1956 Cell counter vacuum orifice


Hand-drawn advertising drafts of the first Coulter Counter: Hand-drawn advertising drafts of the first Coulter Counter


Historical Overview: Historical Overview IV. Requirements of image analysis Pattern recognition, feature extraction, parameters or descriptors, texture Why was it so difficult to do image analysis and image processing in the 1960’s?


Historical Overview: Historical Overview V. Early flow systems Hallermann et al, Kosenow - 1964 - AO staining of leukocytes - was able to use fluorescence (in a flow based system) to select leukocytes from red cells despite a low ratio (1/1000) because they took up lots of AO - also claimed to be able to discriminate between monocytes and PMN


Lecture Summary: Lecture Summary Introduction to course Reading and Support Materials History Technical Highlights At the conclusion of this lecture you should: Know what the requirements of this course are Know where to track down information of importance Understand a brief history of the development of flow technology Be introduced into some of the principles Have a perspective on why imaging was so difficult to do