Sloan LfM Kinkajou F04

Alternative Power Source Investigation for Kinkajou Projectors: 

Alternative Power Source Investigation for Kinkajou Projectors Yue Cathy Chang Hong Hong Manish Jhunjhunwala Todd Ruddick Jeremy Weinstein November 22, 2004

Outline: 

Outline Background Recommendation Examined Alternatives Power Supplies Chargers Energy Rental Future Steps/Conclusion Sources

Background: 

Background Illiteracy Problem One in five adults worldwide cannot read. In rural regions of West Africa, up to 75% illiterate. Causes for Illiteracy (according to Barbara Garner of the World Education Organization) The lack of resources: access to books and lighting Design that matters (DtM), a Massachusetts nonprofit, has tackled this particular problem by designing the Kinkajou Portable Library and Projection System.

Current Power System is Expensive: 

Current Power System is Expensive DtM’s working power system a motorcycle battery and solar cells combination Not viable based on cost constraints (target $25) Power system costs $130 Solar panel $80 Battery + rest of package $50 Kinkajou projector prototype and power source

Procurement Issues Drove Expense: 

Procurement Issues Drove Expense Energy not readily available Miscommunication on the prevalence of batteries in Mali Energy readily available in urban areas, but not in rural communities where it is needed most DtM needed to seek a quick option Had a limited time span to determine initial power supply option to demonstrate Kinkajou feasibility Chose solar panel and battery that were readily available Off the shelf items with little examination for cost More robust and efficient than needed Resulted in power solution priced well outside of the desired region

Power System Analysis Criteria : 

Power System Analysis Criteria Need a new power supply and a new recharge option Power supply should be chosen based on six criteria

Recommendation: 

Recommendation Power Supply (12V- 8Ah) Sealed Lead Acid Battery (~$4-$7) Gel Cell or Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) Charge Controller Stop excessive current--perhaps unnecessary Turn itself off when battery is full ~$2 Indicator that battery is fully charged ~$3 Power Charger (8W, 2.7ft x 2.7ft Array) Solar Panel ~$3/W Total Cost: ~$35

Slide8: 

COST: $4-$7 (for 12V-8Ah Battery) POWER OUTPUT: 6W @ 12VDC POWER DURATION: 96 W-hr/cycle available (Recommend only using 29 W-hr/cycle) USEFUL LIFE: AGM: 4-7yrs ; Gel: 2-5 yrs SUSTAINABILITY: Will not spill even if broken No maintenance Requires charge controller PROCUREMENT: Various suppliers www.batterymart.com $9 ebay & www.gruber.com $7-11 www.iebpower.com $4 Power Supply: SLA Battery

Charger: Silicon Solar Array: 

Charger: Silicon Solar Array COST: $25 (for a 8W panel) POWER OUTPUT: 8W @ 12VDC (7W net after losses) POWER DURATION: 35W-hr/day (assumes 5 hours of sunlight) USEFUL LIFE: Guaranteed for 10 yrs should last 20+ yrs SUSTAINABILITY: Requires no natural resources and is pollution free No special precautions needed for disposal PROCUREMENT: Indian manufacturers with help from SELCO/Harish Hande

Power Supply and Charger Approach: 

Power Supply and Charger Approach Mechanical Energy Micro Turbines Pico-hydroelectric Human Generated Power Bicycle Rowing Machine Thermal Energy Biomass Chemical Energy Fuel Cells Lead Acid Accumulator (Recommended power supply) Solar Energy Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Array (Recommended charger)

Power Supply: Microturbine: 

Power Supply: Microturbine COST: ~$100 POWER OUTPUT: 10-50W @ 12VDC POWER DURATION: Fuel supply is only constraint USEFUL LIFE: 15+ years with a 2.5 kg supply of fuel (assumes 3 hrs/day) SUSTAINABILITY: Runs on diesel fuel and produces a small amount of heat and exhaust gas pollution No special precautions needed for disposal once fuel is exhausted PROCUREMENT: Not commercially viable for another 5-8 years

Charger: Pico-hydroelectric: 

COST: ~$3000/kW POWER OUTPUT: (1-5KW) POWER DURATION: 24 hrs USEFUL LIFE: estimated at 50 yrs SUSTAINABILITY: Site Specific requires water stream Person hired to maintain system PROCUREMENT: Studies done in Kenya Pico Hydro for Village Power: A Practical Manual for Schemes up to 5 kW in Hilly Areas Phillip Maher and Nigel Smith Charger: Pico-hydroelectric

Charger: Bicycle Human Power: 

Charger: Bicycle Human Power Bijli Bike – An Example of Bicycle Power COST: ~$175 POWER OUTPUT: 35-45W @ 12VDC POWER DURATION: 6:1 to 9:1 recharge ratio USEFUL LIFE: Easy to maintain and should have a long life (20+ yrs) SUSTAINABILITY: Requires no natural resources and is pollution free No special precautions needed for disposal PROCUREMENT: Can be assembled from indigenous parts

Charger: Rowing Human Power: 

Charger: Rowing Human Power COST: $1000/unit (will decrease in bulk) POWER OUTPUT: TBD POWER DURATION: TBD USEFUL LIFE: Easy to maintain and should have a long life (20+ yrs) SUSTAINABILITY: Requires no natural resources and is pollution free No special precautions needed for disposal PROCUREMENT: Slightly more complicated to assemble than a bicycle

Power Supply: Biomass: 

Power Supply: Biomass Involves burning biomass to generate heat which can then translate into energy Pushes the problem downstream as opposed to solving it: essentially then relies on a microturbine, or thermal power Not suitable from Kinkajou’s available resources Environmentally may not be conducive Cost will depend entirely on the ability to generate power from heat generated: the heat capture efficiency and conversion efficiency, no easy way to do this Power output, duration is appropriate Very rugged systems normally, and good useful life

Power Supply: Fuel Cells: 

Power Supply: Fuel Cells Involves reforming, combustion, gas-liquid separation among others High impact area with numerous small scale portable power applications Great interest from companies as well as academia Proprietary technology under development Very expensive Although potential power output, duration, environmental friendliness very lucrative and useful life within target Not completely ready yet technologically and an economical misfit Source: Leonel Arana, PhD Thesis, MIT Chemical Engineering, 2003

Summary: 

Summary Power Supply Power Charger

Why Consider Energy Rental: 

Why Consider Energy Rental Increase access to include a wider range of high cost-high capacity alternatives Number of interesting technologies, but not the right scale (normally too big) or cost (too high) Can energy rental offset the cost of a more expensive power solution? Does a viable market exist for energy rental? What is the breakeven point to recoup the cost of the projector and power solution? How long will it take to develop the energy rental infrastructure?

Energy Rental Potential : 

Energy Rental Potential Energy rental: purchase power source and rent it out for different applications Conclusion: Effective business model if going into energy rental Not cost effective if want to use as cost recouping mechanism

High Potential Demand: 

High Potential Demand In very low income, remote areas, people still spend US $7-10/month (up to $120 annually) on batteries Mali’s annual electricity demand growth rate 24% in early years 6% in later years Mali residents’ purchase power (2003 est): Purchase power parity: $900 Per capita income: $250 Skilled worker salary: $1,560 Mali village population: Mostly 1000-2000 Annual battery consumption in Mali: >100 Million

Battery Rental Can be Effective: 

Battery Rental Can be Effective Equipment cost is fully recoverable within its lifecycle with rental income Assumptions: $80/solar array, $25/battery $105 recovered in 15 months

India Energy Rental Learning: 

India Energy Rental Learning Initial difficulties Convince customers of the concept Establish a trusting relationship Convince entrepreneur to take all risks First 50 businesses proved a working model, quickly expanded to 700 Still only 5-6% of all installations Financing options need negotiation Battery Recharging Station

Conclusion: 

Conclusion Battery: 12V 8Ah SLA Charger: 8W Solar Array Total Cost: ~$35 Decision Based on: Available Technology Low Cost, Low Maintenance Other options available, but would require energy rental

Thank You: 

Thank You Design That Matters Timothy Prestero Neil Cantor Peter Fichter Allen Armstrong Tim McNerney Harish Hande—SELCO David Halliday—Univ. of Calgary Christine Lin—2.009 Kinkajuice Team Adrian Hightower—Univ. of Southern California Jan Klein—MIT Sloan Alan Epstein—MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory

Resources: 

Resources Battery Recharging http://www.thesustainablevillage.com/ Masa’s battery project in Mali http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/publications/courier/courier170/en/105.pdf Electricity Expansion in Mali https://engineering.purdue.edu/IE/Research/PEMRG/PPDG/ECOWAS/REPORTS/Mali.pdf Facts of Mali http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm http://siakhenn.tripod.com/capita.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/city.shtml?tt=TT000380 Multifunctional Platform for Village Power http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/html/publications/2001/files_2001a/07_Mali.pdf Energy Rental in India Interview with Harish Hande

Resources (Continued): 

Resources (Continued) Bicycle power generation http://www.econvergence.net/electro.htm http://www.oneforindia.org/ofi2002/bijilibike.php Solar Energy Interview with Harish Hande Interview with Adrian Hightower Microturbines Interview with Alan Epstein

Energy From Water— Pico hydro: 

Energy From Water— Pico hydro