P251tanaka rev11

Solid State Chemistryvia Glass and Ceramics : 

Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

Slide2: 

Glass, Ceramics and Mankind History Discovered in prehistory by unknown inventor Reconstructions of old civilizations Food and beverage storage

Current technology: 

Current technology Fiber Optics LC, electroluminescent, and plasma displays Chemistry Electric insulators Superconductors Electronic components Household goods

Glass: 

Glass GLASS Quartz Coefficient of expansion 8 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC Softening point 1500oC 7740 Pyrex 80.5% SiO2 12.9% B2O3 3.8% Na2O 0.4% K2O 2.2% Al2O3 Coefficient of expansion 33 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC Softening point 820oC Working point 1200oC Container Glass 74.1% SiO2 1.8% Al2O3 8.8% CaO 1.4% MgO 13.0% Na2O 0.4% K2O Coefficient of expansion 92 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC Softening point 696 oC Working point 1000 oC

Quartz: 

Quartz STRUCTURES OF SiO2 Quartz, α and β (to 870oC) Tridymite ( 870oC to 1470oC) Cristobalite (1470oC to 1710oC)

Beta quartz: 

Beta quartz

Tridymite, cristobalite: 

Tridymite, cristobalite

Silicates: 

Silicates SILICATE “ISLAND” STRUCTURES Orthosilicates Be2SiO4 phenacite (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine ZrSiO4 zircon R3IIR2III(SiO4)3 garnet Pyrosilicates Sc2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 180o Gd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 159o Nd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 133o Nets 1 connection dimer as above 2 connection chain or ring 3-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3 dimensional “infinite” structure 4-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3-dimensional “infinite” structure

Representations: 

Representations To understand the structure of a three dimensional solid, more than one representation is needed It is not possible to display all structural elements using a single model

Three Views: 

Three Views 1. Classical Molecular view of P4O10

Ball and stick: 

Ball and stick

2. Polyhedral View: 

2. Polyhedral View

3. Sphere Packing View: 

3. Sphere Packing View

More Examples: 

More Examples REPRESENTATIONS OF SOLID STATE STRUCTURES Ball and Stick P4O10 Picture NaCl Picture Zinc Blende Picture Polyhedral P4O10 Picture NaCl Picture Zinc Blende Picture Close Packed P4O10 Picture NaCl Picture Zinc Blende Picture

Diamond (Zincblende): 

Diamond (Zincblende)

ZnS, polyhedral: 

ZnS, polyhedral

ZnS, close packed: 

ZnS, close packed

NaCl, ball and stick: 

NaCl, ball and stick

NaCl, polyhedral: 

NaCl, polyhedral

Ceramics: 

Ceramics Quartz Shown earlier Feldspar Kaolin

Ceramics: 

Ceramics FELDSPAR Plagioclase feldspars NaAlSi3O8 albite CaAl2Si2O8 anorthite Paracelsian Ba(Al2Si2O8)

Feldspars: 

Feldspars

Kaolin and asbestos: 

Kaolin and asbestos

Kaolin, 2D view: 

Kaolin, 2D view

2-connected: 

2-connected

3-connected: 

3-connected

4-connected: 

4-connected

Nets: 

Nets 4-connected, two dimensional net HgI 4-connected, three dimensional net Diamond, zincblende shown earlier

HgI: 

HgI

Li2Si2O5: 

Li2Si2O5

Thorium disilicide: 

Thorium disilicide