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Martial Arts and Violence: 

Martial Arts and Violence The Boxers are comprised of many experts of Chinese martial arts Many of them died when fighting against the Ally’s Expeditionary forces, They were ignorant of the killing power of Western weapons, rifles, shot guns, machine guns, explosives such as grenades, cannons… Some of the survivors became masters of martial arts after the war They began to run private martial arts training academies/institutes, establishing their own “schools” known for a special “style” Competitions among these schools resulted in collective violence

Myths of the Martial Arts: 

Myths of the Martial Arts While it is true that the martial arts constitute an important aspect of Chinese physical culture, general understanding of the Chinese martial arts tradition is based on two myths Myths: Their origins are attributed to Bodhidharma, an Indian monk who is said to have come to China in the 6th century and resided in the famous Shaolin Monastery around 525 AD Taiji quan (T’ai-chi ch’uan) allegedly created by Zhang Sanfeng, a mythical Taoist master believed to have lived in the Song, Yuan, or Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

History of Martial Arts: 

History of Martial Arts Relation between martial arts and the Confucian tradition Early Confucian curriculum consisted of six subjects Rites Music (with dance) Archery Charioting Calligraphy Mathematics Archery and charioting are related to martial arts Music and dance were often military-related: Military (war) music Military (war) dance

Elements of the Martial Arts in Dance: 

Elements of the Martial Arts in Dance Sword Sword dancing was common in the Warring States Period Popular in the Han, the Three Kingdoms, the Wei, and the Tang dynasties In the end of the Qing, King Chu’s concubine performed sword dance regularly and before she bade farewell to King Chu Tang society was full of martial spirit-- many officials practiced sword dance Calligraphers learned calligraphic skills by observing sword dances Broad knife halberd

Martial Arts and Military Writings: 

Martial Arts and Military Writings Martial arts constituted one of four categories under the heading of “military writings” in traditional Chinese book catalogues Defined as “skills” or “techniques”, which included Archery, fencing, boxing, ancient football game Boxing was interpreted as a combat skill The examination system that began in the Tang consisted of the examination for recruiting men as officials in military offices

Manual for Training Martial Arts: 

Manual for Training Martial Arts New Book of Effective Discipline (1561) By Qi Jiguang, a famous Ming dynasty general Last chapter is about boxing Regarded as basic skill for all the weapons techniques A 32-form set of combat skills are still practiced today, as evidenced by the Chen style and the Yang style taiji quan Also lists well-known boxing styles and weapons techniques of his day

Shaolin Warrior Monks : 

Shaolin Warrior Monks Known in the Tang because they helped Li Shimin to quell his enemy, facilitating Li family’s unification of China Li Shimin became the second emperor of the Tang dynasty Shaolin warrior monks were awarded and Shaolin martial arts became well known Their best-known combat skills included the use of staff, sword, whip, halberd, in addition to boxing

Internal and External Boxing Schools: 

Internal and External Boxing Schools Private biographical account indicates the existence of two boxing schools, although its historicity is hard to determine ‘external” school, represented by Shaolin “internal” school, allegedly developed by Zhang Sanfeng, the mythical founder of the Wudang Taoist tradition, who invented Taiji quan. During the mid-Qing, secret societies and religious sects promoted martial arts Professional martial artists ran private protecting agency (biaoju) to escort transported goods and to protect the homes of the wealthy Martial arts styles multiplied Many claimed to trace their origins to either Shaolin or Wudang

Current Image of Shaolin: 

Current Image of Shaolin Boxing Manuals refer Shaolin Monastery as origin of Chinese boxing Members of secret societies tended to associate themselves with Shaolin Martial art stories and the “Roving Swordsman” novels formed an anti-Manchu image of Shaolin warrior monks and Shaolin myths: Northern Shaolin, Mt. Song, Henan Province Southern Shaolin, Putian, Fujian Province Their martial art skills came from that handed down by Bodhidhama, the first patriarch of Chinese Chan tradition Known as the originator of Muscle Change Classic (Yijin jing), Mallow Cleasing Classic (Xisui jing), Eighteen Lohan exercises….

Martial Arts under the Qing: 

Martial Arts under the Qing Promotion of physical culture based on Shaolin and Taiji quan came from masters at popular level To participate in the anti-Manchu movement Therefore, Qing emperors ordered the teaching of “boxing and staff” (quan zhang) be prohibited. And private accounts of anti-Manchu nature were burnt As part of overall effort to strengthen national resolve against imperialistic incursions into China Taiji quan and Shaolin boxing competed each other for popularity and supremacy, as authors who favored one over the other wrote about either of them The Travels of Laocan mentioned Bodhidhama as the originator of Shaolin boxing Shaolin School Methods (aka. Secrets of Shaolin Boxing) also expanded on Bodhidhama story

Promotion of Martial Arts : 

Promotion of Martial Arts Collective memory of the past trauma prompted China’s Nationalist government to begin the promotion of martial arts To develop martial spirit in the people so as to change the image of “sick man of Asia,” an appellation derived from late Qing military failure Both Shaolin martial arts and Taiji quan were promoted Popular myths of Shaolin martial arts as a integral part of the Chinese martial art tradition continued to exert influence, despite scholars’ efforts to demythologize them Anti-Manchu and anti-Japanese sentiments in the 20-century martial arts institutes continue to exert their impacts

Martial Arts in End of the Qing: 

Martial Arts in End of the Qing The Boxers revealed the pervasiveness of traditional martial arts in Chinese society, despite early Qing prohibition Shanghai in 1909 saw the establishment of the first physical culture and sports organization, which in 1910 took the name of Jingwu Tiyu hui, or Martial Excellence Physical Culture Association Martial Arts teacher Huo Yuanjia and his disciple, Liu Zhensheng, were most famous

Bruce Lee (Lee Xiaolong) and Violence: 

Bruce Lee (Lee Xiaolong) and Violence Bruce Lee was a very violent man, but he was a hero in many Asians’ eyes. The Time Magazine named him “the hero and idol of the 20th century.” Why? A symbol of Perfection in martial arts, gongfu (kung-fu) Creativity—he synthesized various martial arts techniques to create his own unique style called Jeet-kune do (Jiequan dao, the way of the intercepting fist) Patriotism, dignity, and self-esteem Anti-racism Successful revenge

Bruce Lee and the Boxers: 

Bruce Lee and the Boxers Bruce Lee believes that good and right martial-arts training can produce martial-arts techniques to overcome fiercest adversary Reminiscence of the Boxers in 1900, who thought that martial-arts training made them immune to bullets He turned his body into a weapon that could kill