TGchapter3 Concepts Part II

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THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Chapter 3 – Transportation Modes (Part II) CONCEPTS Copyright © 1999-2007, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA. Jean-paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted. For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans

Concept 5: 

Concept 5 Air Transport

US Post Office Airmail Routes, 1921: 

US Post Office Airmail Routes, 1921

Selected Transcontinental DC-3 Routes, Late 1930s: 

Selected Transcontinental DC-3 Routes, Late 1930s

Early Intercontinental Air Routes, 1930s: 

Sharjah Early Intercontinental Air Routes, 1930s Dakar Tangier Casablanca Agadir Natal Rio de Janeiro Buenos Aires Santiago Punta Arenas Alicante Marseilles Lisbon Azores New York Botwood Eyeries London Paris Brindisi Wadi Halfa Khartoum Juba Nairobi Mbeya Harare Johannesburg Cape Town Cairo Alexandria Athens Jask Gwadar Karachi Jodhpur Calcutta Allahabad Rangoon Bangkok Alor Setar Basra Baghdad Kuwait Medan Singapore Palembang Jakarta Surabaya Kupang Waingapu Darwin Katherine Mount Isa Brisbane Sydney Charleville Longreach Dayr az Zawr Gaza Amsterdam Imperial Airways African Route (c1933) Imperial Airways/Quantas Australian Route (c1934) Aeropostale (1930) Pan American Transatlantic Route (1939) KLM Amsterdam – Jakarta (1935) Toulouse Akyab

Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney, 1955 - 2006: 

Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney, 1955 - 2006

Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from Chicago: 

Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from Chicago Piston Engine Jet Engine 10 hours 15 hours 20 hours 24 hours 30 hours 40 hours 10 hours 15 hours 20 hours 24 hours

Concorde Services, 1976-2003: 

Concorde Services, 1976-2003

Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and London, 1946-2004 (in 2004 dollars): 

Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and London, 1946-2004 (in 2004 dollars)

Regional Sales of Boeing 747s: 

Regional Sales of Boeing 747s

Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2008: 

Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2008

Selected Ultra-Long-Range Nonstop Airline Routes: 

Selected Ultra-Long-Range Nonstop Airline Routes

Range from New York of Different Modern Commercial Jet Planes: 

Range from New York of Different Modern Commercial Jet Planes B-747-400 (11,400 km) B-777-100 (7,400 km) A-320 (3,700 km)

World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2004: 

World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2004

World Air Travel and Gross World Product, 1950-2001: 

World Air Travel and Gross World Product, 1950-2001

Air Transportation Growth (Passengers and Freight) and Economic Growth, 1950-2001: 

Air Transportation Growth (Passengers and Freight) and Economic Growth, 1950-2001

New York / Hong Kong Air Routes: Conventional and Polar: 

New York / Hong Kong Air Routes: Conventional and Polar

Characteristics of Major Air Travel Markets: 

Characteristics of Major Air Travel Markets

Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks: 

Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks Before Deregulation After Deregulation Hub Hub

Passenger Plane Load Factor, 1950-2005 (in %): 

Passenger Plane Load Factor, 1950-2005 (in %) Air Deregulation Act

Market Share of the top 4 American Airlines, 1977-2005: 

Market Share of the top 4 American Airlines, 1977-2005

Largest Airline Companies by Revenue, 2005 (in $millions): 

Largest Airline Companies by Revenue, 2005 (in $millions)

Selected Low-Cost Carriers: 

Selected Low-Cost Carriers

Air Freedom Rights: 

Air Freedom Rights First Second Home Country A Country B Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eight Ninth

Air Hubs and Market Fragmentation: 

Air Hubs and Market Fragmentation

Composition of Weekly Frequencies on Eastbound Transatlantic Nonstop Routes: 

Composition of Weekly Frequencies on Eastbound Transatlantic Nonstop Routes

Composition of Weekly Frequencies on Westbound Transpacific Nonstop Routes: 

Composition of Weekly Frequencies on Westbound Transpacific Nonstop Routes

Market Share of World Airline Traffic, 2003: 

Market Share of World Airline Traffic, 2003

Major Air Freight Flows Between Regions, 2003 (in billions of ton-km): 

Major Air Freight Flows Between Regions, 2003 (in billions of ton-km) 22.4 1.3 9.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 9.9 11.6 2.7 4.6 24.2 24.2 North America Latin America Africa Europe Middle East Asia / Pacific 12.3 2.7 2.2 1.7 2.5 3.3 1.9 12.4 13.8 13.8

Development Costs for Selected Aircraft: 

Development Costs for Selected Aircraft

Operating Profit in the Global Airline Industry, 1960-2005: 

Operating Profit in the Global Airline Industry, 1960-2005

The World’s Most Profitable Airlines, 1994-2004: 

The World’s Most Profitable Airlines, 1994-2004

A380 and B787 Orders at End 2006: 

A380 and B787 Orders at End 2006

Trend in Aircraft Fuel Efficiency (Fuel burned per Seat): 

Trend in Aircraft Fuel Efficiency (Fuel burned per Seat)

Stages in Air Network Development: 

Stages in Air Network Development Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

World’s 10 Largest Passengers Airlines, 2000 (in 1,000 passengers): 

World’s 10 Largest Passengers Airlines, 2000 (in 1,000 passengers)

World’s 10 Largest Freight Airlines, 2000 (in 1,000 tons): 

World’s 10 Largest Freight Airlines, 2000 (in 1,000 tons)

Commodities Shipped by Air Freight, 2003: 

Commodities Shipped by Air Freight, 2003

Network Effect of Strategic Alliances: 

Network Effect of Strategic Alliances A B C D E

Income per passenger-km of major airline alliances, 1997: 

Income per passenger-km of major airline alliances, 1997

Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry, 2004: 

Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry, 2004

Market Share of the Transatlantic Route by Airlines, 1995: 

Market Share of the Transatlantic Route by Airlines, 1995

Operating Revenues of the Airline Industry, 2004: 

Operating Revenues of the Airline Industry, 2004

Seat Capacity of Selected Aircrafts, pre and post-1985: 

Seat Capacity of Selected Aircrafts, pre and post-1985

Operating Fleet, Major US Carriers, 2001: 

Operating Fleet, Major US Carriers, 2001

Major Air Traffic Flows Between Regions, 2000 (% of IATA Scheduled Passengers): 

Major Air Traffic Flows Between Regions, 2000 (% of IATA Scheduled Passengers) 35.5 23.2 15.9 3.2 1.3 1.1 2.6 1.5 3.9 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.7 North America Central America South America Africa Europe Middle East Asia Southwest Pacific 1.7

Major Air Traffic Flows, 1999 (millions of passengers): 

Major Air Traffic Flows, 1999 (millions of passengers)

World’s 10 Largest International Air Carriers, 2000 (in 1,000 passengers): 

World’s 10 Largest International Air Carriers, 2000 (in 1,000 passengers)

World’s 10 Largest Domestic Airlines, 2000 (in 1,000 passengers): 

World’s 10 Largest Domestic Airlines, 2000 (in 1,000 passengers)

Generation and Attraction of Global Air Freight Flows, 2003 (in billions of ton-km): 

Generation and Attraction of Global Air Freight Flows, 2003 (in billions of ton-km)

Concept 6: 

Concept 6 Intermodal Transportation

Integrated Transport Systems: From Fragmentation to Coordination: 

Integrated Transport Systems: From Fragmentation to Coordination

Intermodal Transport Chain: 

Intermodal Transport Chain Composition Transfer Interchange Decomposition Local / Regional Distribution National / International Distribution Transport Terminal ‘First mile’ ‘Last mile’

Multimodal and Intermodal Transportation: 

Multimodal and Intermodal Transportation A C D F E B Multimodal Point-to-Point Network A C D F E B Intermodal Integrated Network Rail Road Transshipment Transshipment

Integrated Freight Transport Systems: Intermodal and Transmodal Operations: 

Integrated Freight Transport Systems: Intermodal and Transmodal Operations ROAD RAIL MARITIME Intermodal Terminal Thruport Ship-to-ship DCs / CD Intermodal operations Transmodal operations On-dock rail Transloading Integrated Freight Transport System Port container yard

Multimodal Transport System: 

Multimodal Transport System Nation Region Locality Transshipment Handling Terminals Flows Modal Function Intermodal Function Competition / Cooperation Maritime / Land interface Articulation points Distribution centers

Integrated Transport Systems (under construction): 

Integrated Transport Systems (under construction) Modes Terminals Shippers

Piggyback and Doublestack Train Cars : 

40’ (12.2 m) 9’ (2.7 m) 85’ (25.9 m) Piggyback (TOFC) 65’ (19.8 m) Doublestack (COFC) 18’ (5.5 m) Piggyback and Doublestack Train Cars 17’ (2.7 m)

World Container Traffic, 1980-2005: 

World Container Traffic, 1980-2005

Canadian Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1970-2002: 

Canadian Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1970-2002

Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight in the United States, 1960-2003 (in miles): 

Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight in the United States, 1960-2003 (in miles)

Average Length of Haul, Domestic Passenger Modes in the United States, 1960-2003 (in miles): 

Average Length of Haul, Domestic Passenger Modes in the United States, 1960-2003 (in miles)

Driving Forces of Containerization and Multimodal Transport: 

Management and coordination Control over cargo Mergers Multimodal operators Modal integration Through rates and billing Logistics Deregulation Driving Forces of Containerization and Multimodal Transport Containerization Unitization Standardization Cellular ships Gantry cranes Specialized terminals Transshipment productivity Land consumption Multi-rate structure Multimodal Transportation

Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2005 (in millions of TEUs): 

Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2005 (in millions of TEUs)

Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 2005: 

Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 2005 1.8 (-18%) 4.3 (+30%) USA 6.1 Asia 13.9 (+148%) 23.8 8.9 3.3 (+14%) 9.9 (+120%) 5.6 (+55%) 17.2 11.7 9.9 Europe Million TEUs Growth (2000-2005) Imports (Million TEUs) Exports (Million TEUs)

US Containerized Trade with Asia, 1996-2005 (TEUs): 

US Containerized Trade with Asia, 1996-2005 (TEUs)

Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs : 

Distance Transport costs per unit Road Rail Maritime D1 D2 C1 C2 C3 Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs

Value Per Ton of U.S. Freight Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2002: 

Value Per Ton of U.S. Freight Shipments by Transportation Mode, 2002

Intermodal Transportation Cost Function: 

Intermodal Transportation Cost Function Costs Origin Destination Composition Connection Connection Interchange Decomposition C(T) Transshipment C(cp) C(cn) C(I) C(cn) C(dc) Local / Regional Distribution Cost National / International Distribution Cost

Time and Cost of Transport Activities Involving Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe: 

Time and Cost of Transport Activities Involving Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe

Cumulative Cost and Time of Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe: 

Cumulative Cost and Time of Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe

Container Transport Costs: 

Container Transport Costs

Container Transport Costs from Inland China to US West Coast ($US per TEU): 

Container Transport Costs from Inland China to US West Coast ($US per TEU)

Carrying Capacity of Containers (in cubic feet): 

Carrying Capacity of Containers (in cubic feet)

Number of Units and Weight of Standard Consumption Goods that Can be Carried by a 20 Foot Container: 

Number of Units and Weight of Standard Consumption Goods that Can be Carried by a 20 Foot Container

Global Fleet of Maritime Containers, 2000 (in TEUs): 

Global Fleet of Maritime Containers, 2000 (in TEUs)

World Container Fleet (in thousand TEUs): 

World Container Fleet (in thousand TEUs)

Five Generations of Containerships : 

Five Generations of Containerships First Generation (1956-1970) Converted Tanker Second Generation (1970-1980) Cellular Containership Third Generation (1980-1988) Panamax Class Fourth Generation (1988-2000) Post Panamax Plus Fifth Generation (2000-2005) Post Panamax Converted Cargo Vessel TEU Length 135 m 200 m 500 800 215 m 1,000 – 2,500 250 m 3,000 290 m 4,000 275 – 305 m 4,000 – 5,000 335 m 5,000 – 8,000 Draft < 9 m < 30 ft 10 m 33 ft 11-12 m 36-40 ft 11-13 m 36-43 ft 13-14 m 43-46 ft

Characteristics of Some Historical Containerships: 

Characteristics of Some Historical Containerships

Specifications for Very Large Post-Panamax Containerships: 

Specifications for Very Large Post-Panamax Containerships

The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2006 (in TEUs): 

The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2006 (in TEUs)

Average Cost per TEU by Containership Capacity and By Route, 1997: 

Average Cost per TEU by Containership Capacity and By Route, 1997

Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Container Shipping: 

Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Container Shipping Costs per TEU Capacity in TEU Maritime Shipping Transshipment Inland Transportation

Functional Integration of Supply Chains: 

Functional Integration of Supply Chains Shipping Line Shipping Agent Stevedore Custom Agent Freight Forwarder Rail / Trucking Depot Trucking Megacarrier Economies of scale Land Distribution Maritime Distribution Level of functional integration

Impacts of River / Sea Shipping: 

Road / Rail Maritime Fluvial Fluvial River/sea A B C Road / Rail Road / Rail Road / Rail Maritime Impacts of River / Sea Shipping Seaport Fluvial Port Origin Destination