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University of Chicago Graduate School of Business International Roundtable June 21, 2007 End of History or Clash of Civilizations?: End of History or Clash of Civilizations? Francis Fukuyama Liberal democracy and Western values prevail Sam Huntington Age of ideology over, but world reverts to cultural base of conflict Two “challenger civilizations” – Sinic (China, Korea, etc.) and Muslim WorldHuntington’s Map of Major Civilizations: Huntington’s Map of Major CivilizationsDiversity: Diversity “Southeast Asia nurtures such rank and exuberant variegation of language, custom, and subsistence mode that it is scarcely possible to focus the jumbled pieces into a coherent image.” --Stanley J. O’ConnorMain Political Forces: Main Political Forces Democratization Military Economic & cultural elites Rural & urban poor Ethnicity ReligionDemocratization: Democratization Democracy Legitimacy Effectiveness Security Prosperity Moral authority of leader Most important where there is lack of confidence in the institutions of law to protect against abuse of power National identity Military: Military Organized National reach Protectors of national security Fight for independence, against insurgencies Avenue for upward mobilityEconomic & Cultural Elites: Economic & Cultural Elites Chinese business Wealthy families Royalty Religious leaders Educators Rural & Urban Poor: Rural & Urban Poor “People power” Poverty base of revolutionary movements Populist democratic movements Ethnicity: Ethnicity Chinese economic power South Asians Indigenous people Malay “bumiputra” Hill tribes Multiplicity of ethnic groups may mitigate Religion: Religion Multiple religious influences, but Clear religious majorities Buddhist Thailand Moslem Malaysia & Indonesia Christian Philippines Disadvantaged religious minorities Christians in Indonesia Moslems in Thailand and the PhilippinesMoslems in SE Asia: Moslems in SE Asia More than 200 million Muslims in SE Asia (almost 20% of world’s 1.2 billion Muslims) Arab-Muslim traders spread Islam since the seventh century (reached SE Asia in 1300s) Minorities (localized communities) in Buddhist Thailand & Myanmar Christian Philippines Majorities in Malaysia & IndonesiaSlide14: Jakarta's Istiqlal Mosque Historical Overlays: Historical Overlays Ancient foundations Stone age (java man, etc.) Australonesian, Polynesian, Malay Asian commerce East – Chinese South – Indian West – Arab Commerce also brought religion, customs and court practices European Colonization: European Colonization Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, Dutch Political, economic & cultural Covered most of Southeast Asia Indonesia – Portuguese, then British, then Dutch Philippines – Spain, then US Burma & Malaysia – British Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) – French Thailand – squeezed but never under European ruleBandung Conference 1955: Bandung Conference 1955 Organized by Egypt, Indonesia, Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 29 Asian and African nations attended Sukarno & Nehru key speeches Promote economic and cultural cooperation and oppose colonialism China role – eased fears Led to nonaligned movement (1961)Threat of Communism : Threat of Communism Most SE Asian countries became independent during cold war era Communism was the major revolutionary political force With decline of communism, religious and ethnic differences gain significanceMixed Issues: Mixed Issues Ethnic v. Religious divisions Ethnic & religious minorities in Thailand and the Philippines Islamic majorities in multi-ethnic Malaysia and Indonesia – Chinese minority with economic power Both situations worked against Islamic political dominanceThailand: Thailand Area: 514,000 sq. mi. Population: 64,631,595 GDP per capita: $9,100 (PPP) Export economy Agriculture Manufactured goodsThailand: Thailand Buddhist majority Only SE Asian country never under European rule Intermittent democracy/military rule King’s strong influence Militant Muslim minority in south Democracy vs. Military Rule: Democracy vs. Military Rule Thailand became a constitutional monarchy in 1932 First democratically elected PM in 1946 Army took back power in 1947 Phibun, Sarit, Thanom Thai values – order, hierarchy, religion 1970s – peasant/student unrest Democratically elected governments Military continued periodic intervention Currently devising 17th constitutionSlide26: Coup Needs King’s Support Yellow ribbons symbolize allegiance to the KingSufficiency Economics: Sufficiency Economics Capitalism & globalization Reckless growth, crisis Too much liquidity/investment? King’s concern for poor people and the environment Capitalist Thaksin programs helped the poor Military – recent inept economic measuresInsurgency: Insurgency Communist insurgency in north and northeast no longer active Malay insurgency in south goes back 100 years – recently heated up Attacks on schools – symbols of Thai efforts to force assimilation Severity – links to global Islamic terror network?Drivers of Insurgency: Drivers of Insurgency Economic Poverty, inequality, exploitation Social Ethnic or class grievances Political Oppressive government Military/police brutality Foreign occupation Religious Purely religious Linked to local issues Linked to global movementsPhilippines: Philippines Area: 300,000 sq. mi. Population: 89,468,677 GNP per capita: $5,000 (PPP) Economy Debt (69% of GDP) and inefficiency Industry, services, agriculture RemittancesPhilippines: Philippines Catholic Spain evangelized most of the country – Muslim remnant minority ethnic groups US defeated Spain, took over administration Fought 14 year war against Filippino insurgents seeking independence Ultimately supported democratic self-governance - focus on education and legal systemPolitical Forces: Political Forces Mainstream politics Elite families & cronies Weak, fluid political parties Rebels Communists Muslim successionists Catholic Church influential Democracy in Decline?: Democracy in Decline? Marcos took dictatorial power – forced out by “people power” revolution Last President (Estrada) forced to step down Accusations of election irregularity on the part of the current President (Arroyo) Proposals to change government to parliamentary styleInsurgents in the Philippines: Insurgents in the Philippines New People’s Army (NPA) Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Slide36: NPA Moros – Centuries of Insurgency: Moros – Centuries of Insurgency Islam reached southern Philippines in 14th century Spanish arrived in the north soon after Moros fought Spanish and initially welcomed Americans Soon proved difficult foe for US (1902-1913) Juramentado – suicide attacks on civilians Fought Japanese Objected to position in Philippine RepublicMNLF & MILF: MNLF & MILF Moro National Liberation Front formed in 1969 by university students in Philippines and Mid East Support from Libya and elsewhere Leadership split – 1989, Moro Islamic Liberation Front MILF smaller but more militant Abu Sayyaf: Abu Sayyaf Small but brutal group Wahabi influenced/financed Afghanistan fight experience Al-Qaeda connection Common Themes: Common Themes Problems of governance Governments unable to deliver benefits equitably Democratic governments supported by poor brought down by educated elites Militant insurgencies Suppressed Islam minorities Seek local autonomy Connection to external supportMalaysia: Malaysia Population: 24,385,858 GDP per capita (PPP): $12,700 Mixed Progress: Mixed Progress Solid economic growth, but Dominant party autocracy and Social (ethnic) tensionsPolitical Forces: Political Forces Constitutional monarchy Position of king rotates King is not a significant political force Ruling coalition United Malays National Organization (UMNO) Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Opposition Partia Islam se Malaysia (PAS) Democratic Action Party (DAP) Chinese baseCoalition of Elites: Coalition of Elites MCA and MIC in alliance with UMNO Barisan National (BN) coalition formed in 1946, dominated by UMNO Have won every election Economic disparities, social tensions & race riots led to measures to favor Malay Economic growth kept opposition at bay PM Matahir Mohammed co-opted Islamic issuesIslam & Democracy: Islam & Democracy Almost all Malays are Muslim Religion, like race, provides communal identity PAS grew to be largest opposition party in 1990s PAS embraced democratic process in competing with UMNO Anwar incident – failed opportunity for change Stability : Stability BN coalition – careful balance between appeal to communal bases and stability Economic development central Ethnic division remain – parties continue to all have ethnic/racial basesIndonesia: Indonesia Population: 245,452,739 GDP per capita (PPP): $3,800Indonesia: Indonesia Pancasila (five principles) – official state ideology Belief in one God Just and civilized humanity National unity Democracy by consensus of representatives Social justice for all Held hundreds of ethnic groups together Many Muslims wanted to add Islam and Sharia – blocked by SukarnoCommunism: Communism After independence, widespread public participation in interest groups Communist party (PKI) – On the side of poor, workers & peasants Opposed landlords, also Muslim local elites. Military/senior bureaucrats managed economic assets taken from Dutch US alarmed at PKI growth 3 million by 1965 Potential influence on other underdeveloped nations1965: 1965 Left-right divisions in military Sukarno Symbol of national unity – untouchable PKI balance power against right wing top generals Sept 30 mutiny by mid-level officers Killed 6 generals Suharto escaped (or was in on a conspiracy) Military leadership/Suharto blamed PKI Rumors of atrocities Used local forces to eliminate communists Real atrocities – 500,000 killedSuharto : Suharto Suharto put technocrats (Berkeley Mafia) in major positions Consistent with Pancasila concepts of rational state Emphasis on indigenous concepts Islamic groups in opposition Military economic involvementBureaucratic Capitalism: Bureaucratic Capitalism Pertamina affair Powerful public figures build private economic empires Ethnic Chinese capitalists Suharto ties with Liem Sioe Liong Pervasive corruption growing political issueSeparatist Movements: Separatist Movements Moluccas East Timor Aceh West PapuaFree Aceh: Free Aceh Aceh home to conservative Muslim community Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh) separatist movement since Dutch colonial time More radical National Liberation Front Aceh Sumatra (GPK-Aceh) emerged in 1990s Post-tsunami agreementsEast Timor, Moluccas, West Papua: East Timor, Moluccas, West Papua Christian populations resisted Indonesian authority/integration Moluccas and Western Guinea claimed by Indonesia as part of former Dutch area East Timor – Portuguese control until 1975East Timor: East Timor 1500s Portuguese arrive 1974 Portuguese abandoned 1975 Declared independence, but Indonesia invaded before international recognition US quiet support to Indonesia (fear of communism) Brutal military occupation 1999 Referendum for independence New Indonesian President UN, US, Portugal pressures Unrest and fighting continues Molluccas: Molluccas 1513 Portuguese 1599 Dutch 1949 Indonesia given control 1950 Attempted succession Government in exile in Netherlands Transmigration exacerbated strife between Christians & Moslems 2002 Accords & relative peace New Guinea: New Guinea Island of New Guinea divided by colonial powers Spanish (1545) Dutch (Western half – 1828) British, Germans (Eastern half – late 1800s) Oil, copper, gold WWII – US military base 1945 Dutch retained West New Guinea, but Indonesia claimed 1952 Papuan right to self-determination 1961 West Papua declared independence Western New Guinea aka West Papua, West Irian, Irian Jaya: Western New Guinea aka West Papua, West Irian, Irian Jaya 1963 UN transferred control to Indonesia – subject to vote 1969 Indonesia took control “Act of Free Choice” ?? US support (concern about spread of communism) 1971 Construction of Freeport mine Transmigration 2000-2006 Separatist activity, limited autonomy, divisionIslam in SE Asia: Islam in SE Asia Introduced between 1100 & 1400 AD “Soft penetration” Came through traders and missionaries rather than conquest Overlaid on animist, Hindu and Buddhist traditions Two main sources: Indian Islam – tolerant and easy going Yemen/Saudi Arabia – strict, orthodox, austereDiversity & Local Flavor: Diversity & Local Flavor Diversity in the region reflected in religious practices Sufi influence through India (mysticism) resonates with traditional animist/Hindu/Buddhist culture Limited influence directly from Middle East Traders/migrants (Yemen)Links to Middle East Islam: Links to Middle East Islam Historic gulf due to distance Better communications & easier travel Support for Islamic schools Local issues still dominant Common issues Resent Israel treatment of Palestinians and US support of Israel Object to US military action in Afghanistan and IraqUnity in Diversity: Unity in Diversity Ummah – despite diversity, recognition that all Muslims belong to one community Hajj – shared experience of pilgrimage Jihad – struggle to live the right kind of life Many Muslims do not separate religious from secular life Obligation to shape the world so people can live according to God’s will Tolerance & Tension: Tolerance & Tension Muslim countries have traditionally been tolerant of Christian and Jewish minorities Most Muslim countries and leaders have condemned terrorist attacks But Perception of being under attack Colonialism Hollywood Israel Afghanistan, Iraq, ChechnyaIslamic Revival: Islamic Revival Internal factors Globalization – impact of Western culture Asian financial crisis Overthrow of Suharto; separatist movements State sponsored Islamic schools External factors Islamic revolution in Iran Saudi export of Wahhabi fundamentalism Afghan war against Soviets Israel Iraq, AfghanistanPolitical Islam: Political Islam Muslim political agenda inspired by Islamic concerns Islamic parties with Islamic agenda Varied factors limit political Islam in SE Asia Resistance by economic elites Diversity among Islamic groupsMilitant Islam: Militant Islam Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) Jemaah Islamiyah (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia) Al Qaeda support Philippines – foothold Indonesia – fertile ground Malaysia – worries Thailand – target of convenienceChina: China “Charm Offensive” Free Trade Agreement Proposed joint military exercises US distractionASEAN Trade, 2005: ASEAN Trade, 2005 Value in US$ billionsChina Trade, 2005: China Trade, 2005 Value in US$ billions“Traditional” US Interests : “Traditional” US Interests Stability & balance of power Prevent being excluded by another power Keep sea lanes open Trade & investment Support allies Promote democracy, rule of law, human rights & religious freedomKey Interests in SE Asia?: Key Interests in SE Asia? (According to google) Avian Flu China Combating terrorismRecent Emphasis (2004): Recent Emphasis (2004) Top priority is war on terror Five strategic partners Philippines Thailand Japan South Korea AustraliaUSAID Indonesia: USAID Indonesia $130 million (2006) Focus on Democratic governance Basic human services Basic education Economic growth Environment Also Tsunami rebuilding Support for Aceh peace accordUSAID Philippines: USAID Philippines $70 million (2006) Focus on Family planning & health Education Economic governance Environment & energy Also Conflict reduction in Mindano & other areasSlide80: Southeast Asia You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
IslamChinaSEAsia Megane Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 243 Category: Travel/ Places.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 30, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: mdabu (41 month(s) ago) can i dowload to sho it to non muslim Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Islam & China – Remaking Southeast Asia?: Islam & China – Remaking Southeast Asia? University of Chicago Graduate School of Business International Roundtable June 21, 2007 End of History or Clash of Civilizations?: End of History or Clash of Civilizations? Francis Fukuyama Liberal democracy and Western values prevail Sam Huntington Age of ideology over, but world reverts to cultural base of conflict Two “challenger civilizations” – Sinic (China, Korea, etc.) and Muslim WorldHuntington’s Map of Major Civilizations: Huntington’s Map of Major CivilizationsDiversity: Diversity “Southeast Asia nurtures such rank and exuberant variegation of language, custom, and subsistence mode that it is scarcely possible to focus the jumbled pieces into a coherent image.” --Stanley J. O’ConnorMain Political Forces: Main Political Forces Democratization Military Economic & cultural elites Rural & urban poor Ethnicity ReligionDemocratization: Democratization Democracy Legitimacy Effectiveness Security Prosperity Moral authority of leader Most important where there is lack of confidence in the institutions of law to protect against abuse of power National identity Military: Military Organized National reach Protectors of national security Fight for independence, against insurgencies Avenue for upward mobilityEconomic & Cultural Elites: Economic & Cultural Elites Chinese business Wealthy families Royalty Religious leaders Educators Rural & Urban Poor: Rural & Urban Poor “People power” Poverty base of revolutionary movements Populist democratic movements Ethnicity: Ethnicity Chinese economic power South Asians Indigenous people Malay “bumiputra” Hill tribes Multiplicity of ethnic groups may mitigate Religion: Religion Multiple religious influences, but Clear religious majorities Buddhist Thailand Moslem Malaysia & Indonesia Christian Philippines Disadvantaged religious minorities Christians in Indonesia Moslems in Thailand and the PhilippinesMoslems in SE Asia: Moslems in SE Asia More than 200 million Muslims in SE Asia (almost 20% of world’s 1.2 billion Muslims) Arab-Muslim traders spread Islam since the seventh century (reached SE Asia in 1300s) Minorities (localized communities) in Buddhist Thailand & Myanmar Christian Philippines Majorities in Malaysia & IndonesiaSlide14: Jakarta's Istiqlal Mosque Historical Overlays: Historical Overlays Ancient foundations Stone age (java man, etc.) Australonesian, Polynesian, Malay Asian commerce East – Chinese South – Indian West – Arab Commerce also brought religion, customs and court practices European Colonization: European Colonization Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, Dutch Political, economic & cultural Covered most of Southeast Asia Indonesia – Portuguese, then British, then Dutch Philippines – Spain, then US Burma & Malaysia – British Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) – French Thailand – squeezed but never under European ruleBandung Conference 1955: Bandung Conference 1955 Organized by Egypt, Indonesia, Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 29 Asian and African nations attended Sukarno & Nehru key speeches Promote economic and cultural cooperation and oppose colonialism China role – eased fears Led to nonaligned movement (1961)Threat of Communism : Threat of Communism Most SE Asian countries became independent during cold war era Communism was the major revolutionary political force With decline of communism, religious and ethnic differences gain significanceMixed Issues: Mixed Issues Ethnic v. Religious divisions Ethnic & religious minorities in Thailand and the Philippines Islamic majorities in multi-ethnic Malaysia and Indonesia – Chinese minority with economic power Both situations worked against Islamic political dominanceThailand: Thailand Area: 514,000 sq. mi. Population: 64,631,595 GDP per capita: $9,100 (PPP) Export economy Agriculture Manufactured goodsThailand: Thailand Buddhist majority Only SE Asian country never under European rule Intermittent democracy/military rule King’s strong influence Militant Muslim minority in south Democracy vs. Military Rule: Democracy vs. Military Rule Thailand became a constitutional monarchy in 1932 First democratically elected PM in 1946 Army took back power in 1947 Phibun, Sarit, Thanom Thai values – order, hierarchy, religion 1970s – peasant/student unrest Democratically elected governments Military continued periodic intervention Currently devising 17th constitutionSlide26: Coup Needs King’s Support Yellow ribbons symbolize allegiance to the KingSufficiency Economics: Sufficiency Economics Capitalism & globalization Reckless growth, crisis Too much liquidity/investment? King’s concern for poor people and the environment Capitalist Thaksin programs helped the poor Military – recent inept economic measuresInsurgency: Insurgency Communist insurgency in north and northeast no longer active Malay insurgency in south goes back 100 years – recently heated up Attacks on schools – symbols of Thai efforts to force assimilation Severity – links to global Islamic terror network?Drivers of Insurgency: Drivers of Insurgency Economic Poverty, inequality, exploitation Social Ethnic or class grievances Political Oppressive government Military/police brutality Foreign occupation Religious Purely religious Linked to local issues Linked to global movementsPhilippines: Philippines Area: 300,000 sq. mi. Population: 89,468,677 GNP per capita: $5,000 (PPP) Economy Debt (69% of GDP) and inefficiency Industry, services, agriculture RemittancesPhilippines: Philippines Catholic Spain evangelized most of the country – Muslim remnant minority ethnic groups US defeated Spain, took over administration Fought 14 year war against Filippino insurgents seeking independence Ultimately supported democratic self-governance - focus on education and legal systemPolitical Forces: Political Forces Mainstream politics Elite families & cronies Weak, fluid political parties Rebels Communists Muslim successionists Catholic Church influential Democracy in Decline?: Democracy in Decline? Marcos took dictatorial power – forced out by “people power” revolution Last President (Estrada) forced to step down Accusations of election irregularity on the part of the current President (Arroyo) Proposals to change government to parliamentary styleInsurgents in the Philippines: Insurgents in the Philippines New People’s Army (NPA) Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Slide36: NPA Moros – Centuries of Insurgency: Moros – Centuries of Insurgency Islam reached southern Philippines in 14th century Spanish arrived in the north soon after Moros fought Spanish and initially welcomed Americans Soon proved difficult foe for US (1902-1913) Juramentado – suicide attacks on civilians Fought Japanese Objected to position in Philippine RepublicMNLF & MILF: MNLF & MILF Moro National Liberation Front formed in 1969 by university students in Philippines and Mid East Support from Libya and elsewhere Leadership split – 1989, Moro Islamic Liberation Front MILF smaller but more militant Abu Sayyaf: Abu Sayyaf Small but brutal group Wahabi influenced/financed Afghanistan fight experience Al-Qaeda connection Common Themes: Common Themes Problems of governance Governments unable to deliver benefits equitably Democratic governments supported by poor brought down by educated elites Militant insurgencies Suppressed Islam minorities Seek local autonomy Connection to external supportMalaysia: Malaysia Population: 24,385,858 GDP per capita (PPP): $12,700 Mixed Progress: Mixed Progress Solid economic growth, but Dominant party autocracy and Social (ethnic) tensionsPolitical Forces: Political Forces Constitutional monarchy Position of king rotates King is not a significant political force Ruling coalition United Malays National Organization (UMNO) Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Opposition Partia Islam se Malaysia (PAS) Democratic Action Party (DAP) Chinese baseCoalition of Elites: Coalition of Elites MCA and MIC in alliance with UMNO Barisan National (BN) coalition formed in 1946, dominated by UMNO Have won every election Economic disparities, social tensions & race riots led to measures to favor Malay Economic growth kept opposition at bay PM Matahir Mohammed co-opted Islamic issuesIslam & Democracy: Islam & Democracy Almost all Malays are Muslim Religion, like race, provides communal identity PAS grew to be largest opposition party in 1990s PAS embraced democratic process in competing with UMNO Anwar incident – failed opportunity for change Stability : Stability BN coalition – careful balance between appeal to communal bases and stability Economic development central Ethnic division remain – parties continue to all have ethnic/racial basesIndonesia: Indonesia Population: 245,452,739 GDP per capita (PPP): $3,800Indonesia: Indonesia Pancasila (five principles) – official state ideology Belief in one God Just and civilized humanity National unity Democracy by consensus of representatives Social justice for all Held hundreds of ethnic groups together Many Muslims wanted to add Islam and Sharia – blocked by SukarnoCommunism: Communism After independence, widespread public participation in interest groups Communist party (PKI) – On the side of poor, workers & peasants Opposed landlords, also Muslim local elites. Military/senior bureaucrats managed economic assets taken from Dutch US alarmed at PKI growth 3 million by 1965 Potential influence on other underdeveloped nations1965: 1965 Left-right divisions in military Sukarno Symbol of national unity – untouchable PKI balance power against right wing top generals Sept 30 mutiny by mid-level officers Killed 6 generals Suharto escaped (or was in on a conspiracy) Military leadership/Suharto blamed PKI Rumors of atrocities Used local forces to eliminate communists Real atrocities – 500,000 killedSuharto : Suharto Suharto put technocrats (Berkeley Mafia) in major positions Consistent with Pancasila concepts of rational state Emphasis on indigenous concepts Islamic groups in opposition Military economic involvementBureaucratic Capitalism: Bureaucratic Capitalism Pertamina affair Powerful public figures build private economic empires Ethnic Chinese capitalists Suharto ties with Liem Sioe Liong Pervasive corruption growing political issueSeparatist Movements: Separatist Movements Moluccas East Timor Aceh West PapuaFree Aceh: Free Aceh Aceh home to conservative Muslim community Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh) separatist movement since Dutch colonial time More radical National Liberation Front Aceh Sumatra (GPK-Aceh) emerged in 1990s Post-tsunami agreementsEast Timor, Moluccas, West Papua: East Timor, Moluccas, West Papua Christian populations resisted Indonesian authority/integration Moluccas and Western Guinea claimed by Indonesia as part of former Dutch area East Timor – Portuguese control until 1975East Timor: East Timor 1500s Portuguese arrive 1974 Portuguese abandoned 1975 Declared independence, but Indonesia invaded before international recognition US quiet support to Indonesia (fear of communism) Brutal military occupation 1999 Referendum for independence New Indonesian President UN, US, Portugal pressures Unrest and fighting continues Molluccas: Molluccas 1513 Portuguese 1599 Dutch 1949 Indonesia given control 1950 Attempted succession Government in exile in Netherlands Transmigration exacerbated strife between Christians & Moslems 2002 Accords & relative peace New Guinea: New Guinea Island of New Guinea divided by colonial powers Spanish (1545) Dutch (Western half – 1828) British, Germans (Eastern half – late 1800s) Oil, copper, gold WWII – US military base 1945 Dutch retained West New Guinea, but Indonesia claimed 1952 Papuan right to self-determination 1961 West Papua declared independence Western New Guinea aka West Papua, West Irian, Irian Jaya: Western New Guinea aka West Papua, West Irian, Irian Jaya 1963 UN transferred control to Indonesia – subject to vote 1969 Indonesia took control “Act of Free Choice” ?? US support (concern about spread of communism) 1971 Construction of Freeport mine Transmigration 2000-2006 Separatist activity, limited autonomy, divisionIslam in SE Asia: Islam in SE Asia Introduced between 1100 & 1400 AD “Soft penetration” Came through traders and missionaries rather than conquest Overlaid on animist, Hindu and Buddhist traditions Two main sources: Indian Islam – tolerant and easy going Yemen/Saudi Arabia – strict, orthodox, austereDiversity & Local Flavor: Diversity & Local Flavor Diversity in the region reflected in religious practices Sufi influence through India (mysticism) resonates with traditional animist/Hindu/Buddhist culture Limited influence directly from Middle East Traders/migrants (Yemen)Links to Middle East Islam: Links to Middle East Islam Historic gulf due to distance Better communications & easier travel Support for Islamic schools Local issues still dominant Common issues Resent Israel treatment of Palestinians and US support of Israel Object to US military action in Afghanistan and IraqUnity in Diversity: Unity in Diversity Ummah – despite diversity, recognition that all Muslims belong to one community Hajj – shared experience of pilgrimage Jihad – struggle to live the right kind of life Many Muslims do not separate religious from secular life Obligation to shape the world so people can live according to God’s will Tolerance & Tension: Tolerance & Tension Muslim countries have traditionally been tolerant of Christian and Jewish minorities Most Muslim countries and leaders have condemned terrorist attacks But Perception of being under attack Colonialism Hollywood Israel Afghanistan, Iraq, ChechnyaIslamic Revival: Islamic Revival Internal factors Globalization – impact of Western culture Asian financial crisis Overthrow of Suharto; separatist movements State sponsored Islamic schools External factors Islamic revolution in Iran Saudi export of Wahhabi fundamentalism Afghan war against Soviets Israel Iraq, AfghanistanPolitical Islam: Political Islam Muslim political agenda inspired by Islamic concerns Islamic parties with Islamic agenda Varied factors limit political Islam in SE Asia Resistance by economic elites Diversity among Islamic groupsMilitant Islam: Militant Islam Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) Jemaah Islamiyah (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia) Al Qaeda support Philippines – foothold Indonesia – fertile ground Malaysia – worries Thailand – target of convenienceChina: China “Charm Offensive” Free Trade Agreement Proposed joint military exercises US distractionASEAN Trade, 2005: ASEAN Trade, 2005 Value in US$ billionsChina Trade, 2005: China Trade, 2005 Value in US$ billions“Traditional” US Interests : “Traditional” US Interests Stability & balance of power Prevent being excluded by another power Keep sea lanes open Trade & investment Support allies Promote democracy, rule of law, human rights & religious freedomKey Interests in SE Asia?: Key Interests in SE Asia? (According to google) Avian Flu China Combating terrorismRecent Emphasis (2004): Recent Emphasis (2004) Top priority is war on terror Five strategic partners Philippines Thailand Japan South Korea AustraliaUSAID Indonesia: USAID Indonesia $130 million (2006) Focus on Democratic governance Basic human services Basic education Economic growth Environment Also Tsunami rebuilding Support for Aceh peace accordUSAID Philippines: USAID Philippines $70 million (2006) Focus on Family planning & health Education Economic governance Environment & energy Also Conflict reduction in Mindano & other areasSlide80: Southeast Asia