apastyle

Referencing Using APA Style: 

Referencing Using APA Style Lim-Yeo Pin Pin Dip IM-Lib UNSW, B Soc Sc Hons NUS National University of Singapore Libraries Jan 2006

Contents: 

Contents Why cite? Citation in text Reference list

Why Cite?: 

Why Cite? To acknowledge intellectual debt To lend support to arguments by referring to authoritative sources To help readers verify your claims To show research done

Why use APA?: 

Why use APA? Use a consistent style to communicate clearly Use the rules for citing various sources to save your time Learn a valuable skill that is useful for university and the future

Citation In Text : 

Citation In Text Cite by author and date the works used For single author Walker (2001) compared reaction times … In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2001) … Reference: Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults with reading disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93 (1), 257-267.

Citation In Text 1: 

Citation In Text 1 Cite by author and year only even when reference includes month or date Lee (1999) found more turning to acupuncture … Reference: Lee, J. (1999, September 6). More turning to acupuncture. The Straits Times, p. 28.

Citation In Text 2: 

Citation In Text 2 Cite all authors and date for 2-5 authors Duhig, Phares, and Birkeland (2002) did a survey on … A survey on fathers involvement in … (Duhig, Phares & Birkeland, 2002) Reference: Duhig, A. M., Phares, V., Birkeland, R. W. (2002). Involvement of fathers in therapy: A survey of clinicians. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33 (4), 389-395.

Subsequent Citations: 

Subsequent Citations For works with 1 author (Walker, 2001) For works with 2 authors, always cite both names every time (Sanders & Dadds, 1993)

Subsequent Citations: 

Subsequent Citations For works with 3-5 authors Duhig, Phares, and Birkeland (2002) did a study on … (1st citation) Duhig et al. (2002) found … (subsequent citation) Duhig et al. also found … (subsequent citation in same para)

Citation In Text 6: 

Citation In Text 6 For works with 6 or more authors, the 1st citation & subsequent citations use first author et al. and year Kosslyn et al. (1996) … et al means and others

Citation In Text 6: 

Citation In Text 6 For works which shorted to the same, include as many authors as necessary to distinguish the different references E.g. Reference: Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996) Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, Tang, Marsolel, and Daly (1996) Cite in text as: Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)

Works by Corporate Authors: 

Works by Corporate Authors Spell out corporate author in full every time if the abbreviation is not common nor easily understandable (University of Pittsburgh, 1998) If abbreviation is commonly used (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2001) 1st in text citation (MOH, 2001) Subsequent text citation

Works with no author: 

Works with no author For articles or chapters with no author Cite with “First few words of title” and year In Text: (“Many Mentally Ill”, 1994) for a newspaper article from Straits Times Reference: Many mentally ill seek black magic cures (1994, May 2). The Straits Times, p. 2.

Works with no author: 

Works with no author For periodical, book, brochure or report with no author Cite with Title and year The book College Bound Seniors (1979) found that … “… resilience, an ongoing process that requires time and effort and engages people in taking a number of steps.” (The Road to Resilience, 2004)

Works with no author: 

Works with no author For a work where the author is designated as “Anonymous” Cite as Anonymous and year (Anonymous, 1999)

Two or more Works: 

Two or more Works Arrange in alphabetical and chronological order as in reference list Past research (Phares, 1992, 1996, 1997) has shown … Several studies (Dienhart & Dollahite, 1997; Phares, 1992) showed that …

Secondary Sources: 

Secondary Sources In text, name original work and (as cited in secondary source) In references, list secondary source Hans Berger was attributed to have first used the term electroencephalogram (EEG) (as cited in Masterpasqua & Healey, 2003). Original: Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen [On the electroencephalogram of humans]. Archives von Pscyhiatrica Nervkrankh, 87, 527-570. Secondary: Masterpasqua, F. & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in psychological practice. Professional Psychology: Research and practice, 34, 652-656.

Quotations: 

Quotations Incorporate short quote (<40 words) in text Give page number As suggested, “yet another challenge is to strive towards greater heights in our attempts to achieve professionalism through training and self-renewal” (Tan, 2002, p. 99).

Quotations: 

Quotations Use ‘ ‘ to replace “ “ Change case of sentence where appropriate Use … to indicate omitted words She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ … disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).

Quotations: 

Quotations For longer quotations (indent without “ “) We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded: Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative to conventional psychopharmcological agents but rather… (p. 8)

Quotations: 

Quotations Direct quotations must be accurate & follow wording, spelling, punctuation We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded: Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative to convetional [sic] psychopharmcological agents but rather… (p. 8)

Specific Parts of Source: 

Specific Parts of Source Indicate page, chapter, figure or table (Duhig, Phares, & Birkeland, 2002, p. 392) (Bell, 2001, chap. 6) (Duhig, Phares, & Birkeland, 2002, table 2)

Specific Parts of Source: 

Specific Parts of Source For web page or article without pagination: (Lim, 2004, para. 3) (Bell, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 1) (Tan, 2002) Omit if no paragraph number or section headings or confusing to use

Personal Communication: 

Personal Communication For interview, email message, letter: J.H. Lim (interview, June 4, 2004) J. Tan (personal communication, March 15, 2005) (J. Tan, personal communication, March 15, 2005) Normally not cited in References

Reference List: 

Reference List Documents only sources used in research and preparation (not a bibliography) References cited in text must appear in reference list Information must be complete to enable the source to be retrieved

Reference List Order: 

Reference List Order Alphabetical by author’s name Chronological by same author Alphabetical by title Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control … Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of … Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors … Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention … Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., … Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions …

Slide27: 

From Duhig (2002) reference list: Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications for cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213-232. Allison, S., Powrie, R., Pearce, C., & Martin, G. (1995). Continuing medical education in marital and family therapy: A survey of South Australian psychiatrists. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 638-644. Barret, R. L., & Robinson, B. E. (2000). Gay fathers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Carr, A. (1998). The inclusion of fathers in family therapy: A research based perspective. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 20, 371-383. Kaslow, N. J., Kaslow, F. W., & Farber, E. W. (1999). Theories and techniques of marital and family therapy. In M. Sussman, S. K. Steinmetz, & G. W. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 767-792). New York: Plenum Press. Kaslow, N. J., & Thompson, M. P. (1998). Applying the criteria for empirically supported treatments to studies of psychosocial interventions for child and adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 146-155. Phares, V. (1992). Where's Poppa?: The relative lack of attention to the role of fathers in child and adolescent psychopathology. American Psychologist, 47, 656-664. Phares, V. (1996). Fathers and developmental psychopathology. New York: Wiley. Phares, V. (1997). Psychological adjustment, maladjustment, and father-child relationships. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 261-283). New York: Wiley. Phares, V. (1999). Poppa psychology: The role of fathers in children's mental well being. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Phares, V., & Compas, B. E. (1992). The role of fathers in child and adolescent psychopathology: Make room for daddy. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 387-412.

Book Reference: 

Book Reference Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (Edition). Location: Publisher. Taylor, S. E. (2003).  Health psychology (5th ed.).  Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Edited Book Reference: 

Edited Book Reference Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher. Tan, A. G., & Goh, M. (Eds.). (2001). Psychology in Singapore: Issues of an emerging discipline. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Publisher information: 

Publisher information Give city and state only when city is not well known or ambiguous e.g. Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA For state, use US postal code 2-letter abbreviation and spell out other states/countries e.g. Oxford, England: Blackwell Give publisher in brief but must still be clear e.g. New York: McGraw-Hill Spell out name of publisher esp associations, corporations, university presses Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc Retain terms like Books, Press

More than 1 publisher location: 

More than 1 publisher location If the book lists more than one publisher location, use the first one or the home office if specified New York, London: Neal-Schuman Publishers Cite as New York: Neal-Schuman

Book Reference: 

Book Reference Corporate Author. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher. Ministry of Health. (2001). State of health report. Singapore: Author.

No Author Book Reference: 

No Author Book Reference No author or editor Title of book (Edition). (Year). Place of publication: Publisher. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Book Chapter Reference: 

Book Chapter Reference Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Patterson, C. H. (1997). Client-centered supervision. In C. E. Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 134-146). New York: Wiley.

Journal Article Reference 1: 

Journal Article Reference 1 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Vol (no), pages. Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the internal dynamics of leadership teams. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55, 179-188.

Journal Article Reference >1: 

Journal Article Reference >1 Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58, 457-465. List all authors with & preceding last author

Journal Article Reference >6: 

Journal Article Reference >6 Sandler, I. N. Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A., et al. (2003). The Family Bereavement Program: Efficacy evaluation of a theory-based prevention program for parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71 (3), 587-600. After 6th author name, use et al.

Magazine Article Reference: 

Magazine Article Reference Fairchild, A. L., & Bayer, R. (2004, January 30). Ethics and the conduct of public health surveillance. Science, 303, 631-632. Include Month and Day (2004, January 30) or Season (2003, Winter) as given on magazine

Newspaper Article Reference: 

Newspaper Article Reference Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pages. Lee, J. (1999, September 6). More turning to acupuncture. The Straits Times, pp. 28-29. Many mentally ill seek black magic cures (1994, May 2). The Straits Times, p. 2.

UMI Thesis Reference: 

UMI Thesis Reference Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. (Level of thesis, University). Dissertation Abstracts International, vol (no), page. (UMI No. xxxxx) Morris, A. J. F. (2003). Charity, therapy and poverty: Private social service in the era of public welfare. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia). Dissertation Abstracts International-A, 63 (12), 4444. (UMI No. AAT 3073579)

Unpublished Thesis Reference: 

Unpublished Thesis Reference Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished level thesis. University, Place. Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counselling professionals. Unpublished master’s thesis. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Web Page Reference: 

Web Page Reference Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source. Provide URLs that work American Psychological Association. (2003). Electronic references. Retrieved March 21, 2005, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

Internet Journal Reference: 

Internet Journal Reference Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, vol (no), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source. Keenan, T. P. (2002). Distance and distributed learning in continuing education: Notes from the front lines. CDTL Brief, 5 (1). Retrieved March 21, 2005, from http://www.cdtl.nus.edu.sg/brief/v5n1/.

Audiovisual: 

Audiovisual Author, A. A. (Producer) & Author, B. (Director). (Year). Title of audiovisual [Motion picture]. Country: Movie studio. Scorsese, M. (Producer) & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Music: 

Music Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from writer]. On Title of album [CD]. Location: Label. Simon, P. (1968). Blessed. On The sounds of silence [CD]. Australia: Columbia.

Pay attention to : 

Pay attention to Consistency in how you apply APA Punctuation (period, comma, semi-colon) Location and publisher for books Volume, issue and page numbers for articles Complete and correct information Spelling

Put it into practice: 

Put it into practice American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (2003). Electronic References. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved March 21, 2005, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html Lim-Yeo, P. P. (2004). LION APA Style. Retrieved March 21, 2005, from http://www.lib.nus.edu.sg/lion/s/citeapa.html