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Slide1:

Laboratory Drilling Under Martian Conditions ARC, 24 March 2005 Kris Zacny kzacny@berkeley.edu

Slide2:

Sample return from the Moon by US Apollo 11, 12 and 14 - core tube, approx. 1m Apollo 15, 16 and 17 - drive tube, approx 1m - drill approx. 3m Sample return from the Moon by USSR Total 10 sample return missions Luna 16 and 20 (0.3m), Luna 24 (2m)

Slide3:

Matrioshka approach

Slide4:

Low Gravity Low Pressure Low Temperature Large T. fluctuations Dust storms ENVIRONMENTAL / PHYSICAL -

Slide5:

Drill bit selection

Slide6:

? ? Auger Bailer Mechanical Water, Mud Liquid Continuous Blasts Gas Cuttings Removal

Slide7:

Experimental approach: Drill Bit for Mars applications requires testing under Mars-like conditions

Slide8:

Martian Conditions: 6 torr CO2 atmosphere -80°C Controls: Weight on Bit Rotational Speed Record: Power Rate of Penetration Temperatures: sample & bit

Slide9:

Rocks acquired: Basalt, Sierra Granite, Various Sandstones Other: Ice, Clay, Sands / Silts / Gravel

Slide11:

WATER SATURATED FROZEN SANDSTONE

Slide12:

Drilling power = heat = latent heat = sublimation Volumetric expansion of water 150,000 times

Slide15:

Martian vs. terrestrial

Slide16:

Strategy for Mars Select a drilling location on Mars. Consider: water, pressure (6.1mbar) Design the drill system for this specific location. We have 3 cases

Slide17:

Measurement while drilling Temperature of the bit Might indicate temp of the formation Temperature of the formation Might indicate freezing temp Problem in salty environments (freezing point depression) Electrical Resistance of the formation Change in resistance attributed to the physical change of formation

Slide18:

Resistance =f(amount of unfrozen water) Look for the sudden change!

Slide19:

T= -5°C to -4 °C, ∆T=1 °C R=1000 kΩ to 300 kΩ; ∆R=700 kΩ

Slide20:

Will gas blasting on Mars work?

Slide23:

Size of rock dust Amount of rock dust Gas Type: CO2, Air Ambient Pressure Geometry of the drill

Slide24:

Cross contamination

Slide25:

Cross-contamination: e-coli E-coli bacteria (active method) Varied concentration Varied water saturation and temperature Under Martian and Earth atmospheric pressures

Slide26:

Cross-contamination: e-coli Good transfer from drill to core surface Transfer from surface to inside liquid water dependent

Slide27:

Final Remarks No much help from petroleum industry. Human record is 3.5m (human) and 2m (robotic) Automation vs geological uncertainty Design a drill for a specific location on Mars (H2O; P) Need to test under Mars conditions anyway. Gas flushing effective for cuttings removal Cross-contamination: avoid melting pore water