UDP transport1

URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES : URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES Movement Structure & Systems Dr. Sujata S. Govada, HKU/UD&PCL


INTRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION Urban Structure/Pattern/Form Transportation – Multi-modal Transit Metropolis International Experience Regional Experience Local Experience Sustainable Transport


URBAN STRUCTURE, PATTERN AND FORM : URBAN STRUCTURE, PATTERN AND FORM Location & natural setting Topography and landscape Transportation network Historical, planning development context Land use & density standards Built environment & public realm Environmental sustainability Decision making - policy & strategy


DEVELOPMENT PATTERN : DEVELOPMENT PATTERN The road and rail network forms basis for the development of urban pattern and structure Trends of past city growth determine direction of high, medium and low density development Very difficult to reverse major development trends unless with strong and deliberate govt. initiatives


TYPES OF URBAN PATTERNS : TYPES OF URBAN PATTERNS LINEAR GRID LOOPED & CUL DE SAC RADIAL BRANCHED POLYCENTRIC


LINEAR PATTERN : LINEAR PATTERN Flow primarily between two points, typically found along railroads, canals and highways, transit supportive Lack of focus


GRID PATTERN : GRID PATTERN Simplicity, regularity, ease of layout, convenient access, good orientation, good on level land, complex dist. flow, can be of human scale Visual monotony, disregard of topography, vulnerability to through traffic, lack of differentiation heavy/light


LOOPED AND CUL DE SAC : LOOPED AND CUL DE SAC Typically internal residential streets low volume traffic flow, automobile oriented Deters through traffic, promotes slower traffic Safe and calm


RADIAL PATTERN : RADIAL PATTERN Good direct line of travel, transit supportive, rail Not good when neither origin nor destination are related to centre, difficult for service, causes problems in local flow, difficult building sites


FINGER OR BRANCHED PATTERN : FINGER OR BRANCHED PATTERN Favors the specialization of major vs. Minor arteries, makes the intersection problem manageable by distributing instead of concentrating on the centre, transit supportive Very sensitive to interruptions at single point


POLYCENTRIC PATTERN : POLYCENTRIC PATTERN Dominant centre and sub centres, with green belts between radial corridors, connected by ring roads as bypass Good for public transit Sub centres need not necessarily play supporting role to the centre


Road Based Pattern : Road Based Pattern A built form primarily geared towards the automobile Eg. Los Angeles Irvine , USA


TRANSIT METROPOLIS : TRANSIT METROPOLIS A built form and a mobility environment where transit is used as a better alternative to cars Adaptive cities Adaptive transit Strong core cities Hybrids


ADAPTIVE CITIES : ADAPTIVE CITIES Metropolises with strong CBDs and outlying communities and sub centres connected to their centres via rail Stockholm Copenhagen


ADAPTIVE TRANSIT : ADAPTIVE TRANSIT Spread out, low density development is accepted as a given and transit services are adjusted to the environment Seattle Edmonton


HYBRIDS : HYBRIDS Regions striking a balance between adapting their landscapes and transit services- polycentric city Curitiba Ottawa


STRONG CORE CITIES : STRONG CORE CITIES Reinforce established development patterns and inner city revitalization sought more compact transit-supportive built forms Zurich Melbourne


TRANSPORTATION – PRIVATE TRANSPORT : TRANSPORTATION – PRIVATE TRANSPORT Low densities Individual Faster, direct Longer commutes Inefficient Traffic congestion Air pollution Sprawl Divides community Cars/mini vans Bicycles Pedestrian Alternate modes


TRANSPORTATION -PUBLIC TRANSIT : TRANSPORTATION -PUBLIC TRANSIT High densities Indirect Efficient Shorter distances Compact Community Environmental Urban rail Buses Trams Taxis Ferries Newer modes


TRAFFIC/TRANSIT COORDINATION : TRAFFIC/TRANSIT COORDINATION Modal interchanges - public transport interchanges Points of transition – rail, bus, taxi, car etc. Balance between modes – private/public Carparks and termini Regulation and road taxes


INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL REGIONAL EXPERIENCE : INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL REGIONAL EXPERIENCE International The European experience The American experience Regional & Local Singapore experience Hong Kong experience


THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE : THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE ZURICH Transit first policies Highest rate of transit usage Efficient management of road space Neighborhood traffic calming Deeply discounted fares Customer loyalty recognition STOCKHOLM Post-war planning Underground rail Highway network VENICE Road/rail causeway Canals/motor boats Pedestrian network


THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE : THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE CHARACTERISTICS Freeway/carpark Downtown Suburban sprawl Low density Scattered dev. Unlimited land resources Growth boundaries Rail transit CITIES New York Washington dc Chicago San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Boston Toronto


TORONTO – TRANSIT METROPOLIS : TORONTO – TRANSIT METROPOLIS Best North American example of rail transit’s city shaping abilities Integration of transportation and land use planning by addressing differing transportation demands between areas both at: Local level Regional level


TORONTO – PROACTIVE PLAN : TORONTO – PROACTIVE PLAN


TORONTO’S TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT : TORONTO’S TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT Density bonuses Park and ride constraints TDRs Supplemental land aquisitions


TORONTO TRANSPORT POLICY : TORONTO TRANSPORT POLICY TDM measures- transportation demands and new development Targeted growth areas – reduce auto dependency Maximum density around transit corridors Off street and shared parking Bicycle and walking measures Efficient goods movement


THE REGIONAL EXPERIENCE - SINGAPORE : THE REGIONAL EXPERIENCE - SINGAPORE Control of car usage - taxes/tolls Public transport network Stopping cars at the fringe – pedestrian precincts Major -secondary carparks Basement connections and travelators at 2nd storey Pedestrian network elevated decks Tree-lined boulevards, promenades, malls Water transport –water taxis - canals, rivers Central planning - URA


THE LOCAL EXPERIENCE - HONG KONG : THE LOCAL EXPERIENCE - HONG KONG Transport – multi modal Functional and uncoordinated Existing narrow road network Public transit – rail, buses, trams, taxis, ferries etc. Extensive footbridge system Fragmented pedestrianisation Lack of inter-departmental coordination


SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HONG KONG : SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HONG KONG Balanced transport and urban development Vehicle free or restricted access city and sub centres Modal integration and TDM measures Pedestrianization & cycling Coordinated decision making Environmentally cleaner Better quality of life


TRANSIT LESSONS from Cervero : TRANSIT LESSONS from Cervero Redistributes growth Healthy regional economy Land use impacts are greatest when upswing in regional growth Radial rail systems can strengthen downtown cores


Cervero Contd. : Cervero Contd. Reinforce decentralization trends Proactive planning – sub centres Transit can spur central city redevelopment Other pro-development measures Auto equalizers or disincentives


CONCLUSION : CONCLUSION Just as built environments shape transit demand, transit investments shape built environments…….