C++ Stream Input/Output: C++ Stream Input/Output Outline 1 Introduction 2 Streams 2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 2.2 iostream Library Header Files 2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 3 Stream Output 3.1 Output of char * Variables 3.2 Character Output using Member Function put 4 Stream Input 4.1 get and getline Member Functions 4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 4.3 Type-Safe I/O 5 Unformatted I/O using read, write and gcount


C++ Stream Input/Output: C++ Stream Input/Output Outline 6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 6.4 Programmer-Defined Manipulators 7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member-Function flags 9 Stream Error States 10 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream


iostream Library Header Files: iostream Library Header Files iostream library Has header files with hundreds of I/O capabilities Standard input (cin) Standard output (cout) Unbuffered error (cerr) Buffered error (clog) Formatted I/O with parameterized stream manipulators File processing operations


Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects: Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects > Stream insertion and extraction operators cin istream object Connected to standard input (usually keyboard) cin >> grade; Compiler determines data type of grade Calls proper overloaded operator No extra type information needed


Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects: Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects cout ostream object Standard output (usually display screen) cin << grade; As with cin, no type information needed cerr, clog ostream objects Connected to standard error device cerr outputs immediately clog buffers output Outputs when buffer full or flushed Performance advantage (discussed in OS classes)


Stream Output: Stream Output Output Use ostream Formatted and unformatted Standard data types (<<) Characters (put function) Integers (decimal, octal, hexadecimal) Floating point numbers Various precision, forced decimal points, scientific notation Justified, padded data Uppercase/lowercase control


Output of char * Variables: Output of char * Variables C++ determines data type automatically Generally an improvement (over C) Try to print value of a char * Memory address of first character Problem << overloaded to print null-terminated string Solution: cast to void * Use whenever printing value of a pointer Prints as a hex (base 16) number


Slide8: 1 // Fig. 12.3: fig12_03.cpp 2 // Printing the address stored in a char * variable. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::endl; 7 8 int main() 9 { 10 char *word = "test"; 11 12 // display value of char *, then display value of char * 13 // static_cast to void * 14 cout ( word ) is: " 16 ( word ) ( word ) is: 0046C070


Character Output using Member Function put: Character Output using Member Function put put function Outputs characters cout.put( 'A' ); May be cascaded cout.put( 'A' ).put( '\n' ); Dot operator (.) evaluates left-to-right Can use numerical (ASCII) value cout.put( 65 ); Prints 'A'


Stream Input: Stream Input Formatted and unformatted input istream >> operator Normally skips whitespace (blanks, tabs, newlines) Can change this Returns 0 when EOF encountered Otherwise, returns reference to object cin >> grade State bits set if errors occur Discussed in 12.7 and 12.8


get and getline Member Functions: get and getline Member Functions get function cin.get() Returns one character from stream (even whitespace) Returns EOF if end-of-file encountered End-of-file Indicates end of input ctrl-z on IBM-PCs ctrl-d on UNIX and Macs cin.eof() Returns 1 (true) if EOF has occurred


Slide12: 1 // Fig. 12.4: fig12_04.cpp 2 // Using member functions get, put and eof. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 9 int main() 10 { 11 int character; // use int, because char cannot represent EOF 12 13 // prompt user to enter line of text 14 cout << "Before input, cin.eof() is " << cin.eof() << endl 15 << "Enter a sentence followed by end-of-file:" << endl; 16 17 // use get to read each character; use put to display it 18 while ( ( character = cin.get() ) != EOF ) 19 cout.put( character ); 20 21 // display end-of-file character 22 cout << "\nEOF in this system is: " << character << endl; 23 cout << "After input, cin.eof() is " << cin.eof() << endl; 24 return 0; 26 27 } // end main


Slide13: Before input, cin.eof() is 0 Enter a sentence followed by end-of-file: Testing the get and put member functions Testing the get and put member functions ^Z   EOF in this system is: -1 After input cin.eof() is 1


get and getline Member Functions: get and getline Member Functions get(charRef) With character reference argument Gets one character, stores in charRef Returns reference to istream If EOF, returns -1 get(charArray, size, delimiter) Reads until size-1 characters read, or delimiter encountered Default delimiter '\n' Delimiter stays in input stream Can remove with cin.get() or cin.ignore() Makes array null-terminated


Slide15: 1 // Fig. 12.5: fig12_05.cpp 2 // Contrasting input of a string via cin and cin.get. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 9 int main() 10 { 11 // create two char arrays, each with 80 elements 12 const int SIZE = 80; 13 char buffer1[ SIZE ]; 14 char buffer2[ SIZE ]; 15 16 // use cin to input characters into buffer1 17 cout > buffer1; 19 20 // display buffer1 contents 21 cout << "\nThe string read with cin was:" << endl 22 << buffer1 << endl << endl; 23 24 // use cin.get to input characters into buffer2 25 cin.get( buffer2, SIZE );


Slide16: 26 27 // display buffer2 contents 28 cout << "The string read with cin.get was:" << endl 29 << buffer2 << endl; 30 31 return 0; 32 33 } // end main Enter a sentence: Contrasting string input with cin and cin.get The string read with cin was: Contrasting The string read with cin.get was: string input with cin and cin.get


get and getline Member Functions: get and getline Member Functions getline(array, size, delimiter) Like last version of get Reads size-1 characters, or until delimiter found Default \n Removes delimiter from input stream Puts null character at end of array


Slide18: 1 // Fig. 12.6: fig12_06.cpp 2 // Inputting characters using cin member function getline. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 9 int main() 10 { 11 const int SIZE = 80; 12 char buffer[ SIZE ]; // create array of 80 characters 13 14 // input characters in buffer via cin function getline 15 cout << "Enter a sentence:" << endl; 16 cin.getline( buffer, SIZE ); 17 18 // display buffer contents 19 cout << "\nThe sentence entered is:" << endl << buffer << endl; 20 21 return 0; 22 23 } // end main


Slide19: Enter a sentence: Using the getline member function   The sentence entered is: Using the getline member function


istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore: istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore ignore() Discards characters from stream (default 1) Stops discarding once delimiter found Default delimiter EOF putback() Puts character obtained by get() back on stream peek() Returns next character in stream, but does not remove


Type-Safe I/O: Type-Safe I/O > Overloaded to accept data of specific types If unexpected data processed Error bits set User can test bits to see if I/O failed More in section 12.8


Unformatted I/O using read, write and gcount: Unformatted I/O using read, write and gcount Unformatted I/O read (member of istream) Input raw bytes into character array If not enough characters read, failbit set gcount() returns number of characters read by last operation write (ostream) Output bytes from character array Stops when null character found char buffer[] = "HAPPY BIRTHDAY"; cout.write( buffer, 10 ); Outputs first 10 characters


Slide23: 1 // Fig. 12.7: fig12_07.cpp 2 // Unformatted I/O using read, gcount and write. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 9 int main() 10 { 11 const int SIZE = 80; 12 char buffer[ SIZE ]; // create array of 80 characters 13 14 // use function read to input characters into buffer 15 cout << "Enter a sentence:" << endl; 16 cin.read( buffer, 20 ); 17 18 // use functions write and gcount to display buffer characters 19 cout << endl << "The sentence entered was:" << endl; 20 cout.write( buffer, cin.gcount() ); 21 cout << endl; 22 23 return 0; 24 25 } // end main


Slide24: Enter a sentence: Using the read, write, and gcount member functions The sentence entered was: Using the read, writ


Introduction to Stream Manipulators: Introduction to Stream Manipulators Stream manipulators perform formatting tasks Field widths Precisions Format flags Fill character in fields Flushing streams Inserting newline in output stream Skipping whitespace in input stream


Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision): Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) Set precision of floating point numbers Number of digits to right of decimal setprecision stream manipulator Pass number of decimal points cout << setprecision(5) precision member function cout.precision(newPrecision) With no arguments, returns current precision Settings remain until changed explicitly


Slide27: 1 // Fig. 12.9: fig12_09.cpp 2 // Controlling precision of floating-point values. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 using std::fixed; 9 10 #include 11 12 using std::setprecision; 13 14 #include // sqrt prototype 15 16 int main() 17 { 18 double root2 = sqrt( 2.0 ); // calculate square root of 2 19 int places; 20 21 cout << "Square root of 2 with precisions 0-9." << endl 22 << "Precision set by ios_base member-function " 23 << "precision:" << endl; 24 25 cout << fixed; // use fixed precision


Slide28: 26 27 // display square root using ios_base function precision 28 for ( places = 0; places <= 9; places++ ) { 29 cout.precision( places ); 30 cout << root2 << endl; 31 } 32 33 cout << "\nPrecision set by stream-manipulator " 34 << "setprecision:" << endl; 35 36 // set precision for each digit, then display square root 37 for ( places = 0; places <= 9; places++ ) 38 cout << setprecision( places ) << root2 << endl; 39 40 return 0; 41 42 } // end main


Slide29: Square root of 2 with precisions 0-9. Precision set by ios_base member-function precision: 1 1.4 1.41 1.414 1.4142 1.41421 1.414214 1.4142136 1.41421356 1.414213562   Precision set by stream-manipulator setprecision: 1 1.4 1.41 1.414 1.4142 1.41421 1.414214 1.4142136 1.41421356 1.414213562


Field Width (width, setw): Field Width (width, setw) width member function (base class ios_base) cin.width(5) Sets field width Number of character positions for output Maximum number of characters that should be input Returns previous width Fill characters/Padding Used when output too small for width Large outputs are printed (not truncated) Can also use setw stream manipulator When reading to char arrays Reads 1 less character (leave room for null)


Slide31: 1 // Fig. 12.10: fig12_10.cpp 2 // Demonstrating member function width. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 9 int main() 10 { 11 int widthValue = 4; 12 char sentence[ 10 ]; 13 14 cout > sentence ) { 19 cout.width( widthValue++ ); 20 cout << sentence << endl; 21 cin.width( 5 ); // input 5 more characters from sentence 22 } // end while 23 24 return 0;


Slide32: 25 26 } // end main Enter a sentence: This is a test of the width member function This is a test of the widt h memb er func tion


Programmer-Defined Manipulators: Programmer-Defined Manipulators User-defined stream manipulators Nonparameterized Example ostream& bell( ostream& output ) { return output << '\a'; // issue system beep } \a - bell \r - carriage return \t - tab


Slide34: 1 // Fig. 12.11: fig12_11.cpp 2 // Creating and testing programmer-defined, nonparameterized 3 // stream manipulators. 4 #include 5 6 using std::ostream; 7 using std::cout; 8 using std::flush; 9 10 // bell manipulator (using escape sequence \a) 11 ostream& bell( ostream& output ) 12 { 13 return output << '\a'; // issue system beep 14 } 15 16 // carriageReturn manipulator (using escape sequence \r) 17 ostream& carriageReturn( ostream& output ) 18 { 19 return output << '\r'; // issue carriage return 20 } 21


Slide35: 22 // tab manipulator (using escape sequence \t) 23 ostream& tab( ostream& output ) 24 { 25 return output << '\t'; // issue tab 26 } 27 28 // endLine manipulator (using escape sequence \n and member 29 // function flush) 30 ostream& endLine( ostream& output ) 31 { 32 return output << '\n' << flush; // issue end of line 33 } 34 35 int main() 36 { 37 // use tab and endLine manipulators 38 cout << "Testing the tab manipulator:" << endLine 39 << 'a' << tab << 'b' << tab << 'c' << endLine; 40 41 cout << "Testing the carriageReturn and bell manipulators:" 42 << endLine << ".........."; 43 44 cout << bell; // use bell manipulator 45


Slide36: 46 // use carriageReturn and endLine manipulators 47 cout << carriageReturn << "-----" << endLine; 48 49 return 0; 50 51 } // end main Testing the tab manipulator: a b c Testing the carriageReturn and bell manipulators: -----.....


Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint): Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) showpoint Forces decimal number to print with trailing zeros For decimal number 79.0 79 without showpoint 79.000000 with showpoint (up to level of precision) Reset with noshowpoint


Slide38: 1 // Fig. 12.13: fig12_13.cpp 2 // Using showpoint to control the printing of 3 // trailing zeros and decimal points for doubles. 4 #include 5 6 using std::cout; 7 using std::endl; 8 using std::showpoint; 9 10 int main() 11 { 12 // display double values with default stream format 13 cout << "Before using showpoint" << endl 14 << "9.9900 prints as: " << 9.9900 << endl 15 << "9.9000 prints as: " << 9.9000 << endl 16 << "9.0000 prints as: " << 9.0000 << endl << endl; 17 18 // display double value after showpoint 19 cout << showpoint 20 << "After using showpoint" << endl 21 << "9.9900 prints as: " << 9.9900 << endl 22 << "9.9000 prints as: " << 9.9000 << endl 23 << "9.0000 prints as: " << 9.0000 << endl; 24 return 0; 26 27 } // end main


Slide39: Before using showpoint 9.9900 prints as: 9.99 9.9000 prints as: 9.9 9.0000 prints as: 9   After using showpoint 9.9900 prints as: 9.99000 9.9000 prints as: 9.90000 9.0000 prints as: 9.00000


Justification (left, right and internal): Justification (left, right and internal) left stream manipulator Left-justified, padding to right Right stream manipulator Right-justified, padding to left Can set padding/fill character Next section internal Number's sign left-justified Number's value right-justified + 123 showpos forces sign to print Remove with noshowpos


Slide41: 1 // Fig. 12.14: fig12_14.cpp 2 // Demonstrating left justification and right justification. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::endl; 7 using std::left; 8 using std::right; 9 10 #include 11 12 using std::setw; 13 14 int main() 15 { 16 int x = 12345; 17 18 // display x right justified (default) 19 cout << "Default is right justified:" << endl 20 << setw( 10 ) << x; 21 22 // use left manipulator to display x left justified 23 cout << "\n\nUse std::left to left justify x:\n" 24 << left << setw( 10 ) << x; 25


Slide42: 26 // use right manipulator to display x right justified 27 cout << "\n\nUse std::right to right justify x:\n" 28 << right << setw( 10 ) << x << endl; 29 30 return 0; 31 32 } // end main Default is right justified: 12345   Use std::left to left justify x: 12345   Use std::right to right justify x: 12345


Slide43: 1 // Fig. 12.15: fig12_15.cpp 2 // Printing an integer with internal spacing and plus sign. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::endl; 7 using std::internal; 8 using std::showpos; 9 10 #include 11 12 using std::setw; 13 14 int main() 15 { 16 // display value with internal spacing and plus sign 17 cout << internal << showpos << setw( 10 ) << 123 << endl; 18 19 return 0; 20 21 } // end main + 123


Padding (fill, setfill): Padding (fill, setfill) Set fill character used in padding fill member function cout.fill('*') setfill stream manipulator setfill( '^' )


Slide45: 1 // Fig. 12.16: fig12_16.cpp 2 // Using member-function fill and stream-manipulator setfill 3 // to change the padding character for fields larger the 4 // printed value. 5 #include 6 7 using std::cout; 8 using std::endl; 9 using std::showbase; 10 using std::left; 11 using std::right; 12 using std::internal; 13 using std::hex; 14 using std::dec; 15 16 #include 17 18 using std::setw; 19 using std::setfill; 20


Slide46: 21 int main() 22 { 23 int x = 10000; 24 25 // display x 26 cout << x << " printed as int right and left justified\n" 27 << "and as hex with internal justification.\n" 28 << "Using the default pad character (space):" << endl; 29 30 // display x with plus sign 31 cout << showbase << setw( 10 ) << x << endl; 32 33 // display x with left justification 34 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << x << endl; 35 36 // display x as hex with internal justification 37 cout << internal << setw( 10 ) << hex << x << endl << endl; 38 39 cout << "Using various padding characters:" << endl; 40 41 // display x using padded characters (right justification) 42 cout << right; 43 cout.fill( '*' ); 44 cout << setw( 10 ) << dec << x << endl; 45


Slide47: 46 // display x using padded characters (left justification) 47 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << setfill( '%' ) << x << endl; 48 49 // display x using padded characters (internal justification) 50 cout << internal << setw( 10 ) << setfill( '^' ) << hex 51 << x << endl; 52 53 return 0; 54 55 } // end main 10000 printed as int right and left justified and as hex with internal justification. Using the default pad character (space): 10000 10000 0x 2710   Using various padding characters: *****10000 10000%%%%% 0x^^^^2710


Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed): Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) Stream manipulator scientific Forces scientific notation 1.946000e+009 Stream manipulator fixed Forces fixed point format Prints number of decimals specified by precision 1946000000.000000 If no manipulator specified Format of number determines how it appears


Slide49: 1 // Fig. 12.18: fig12_18.cpp 2 // Displaying floating-point values in system default, 3 // scientific and fixed formats. 4 #include 5 6 using std::cout; 7 using std::endl; 8 using std::scientific; 9 using std::fixed; 10 11 int main() 12 { 13 double x = 0.001234567; 14 double y = 1.946e9; 15 16 // display x and y in default format 17 cout << "Displayed in default format:" << endl 18 << x << '\t' << y << endl; 19 20 // display x and y in scientific format 21 cout << "\nDisplayed in scientific format:" << endl 22 << scientific << x << '\t' << y << endl; 23


Slide50: 24 // display x and y in fixed format 25 cout << "\nDisplayed in fixed format:" << endl 26 << fixed << x << '\t' << y << endl; 27 28 return 0; 29 30 } // end main Displayed in default format: 0.00123457 1.946e+009   Displayed in scientific format: 1.234567e-003 1.946000e+009   Displayed in fixed format: 0.001235 1946000000.000000


Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase): Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) Stream manipulator uppercase Uppercase E in scientific notation 1E10 Uppercase X in hex notation and uppercase hex letters 0XABCD By default, lowercase Reset with nouppercase


Slide52: 1 // Fig. 12.19: fig12_19.cpp 2 // Stream-manipulator uppercase. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::endl; 7 using std::uppercase; 8 using std::hex; 9 10 int main() 11 { 12 cout << "Printing uppercase letters in scientific" << endl 13 << "notation exponents and hexadecimal values:" << endl; 14 15 // use std:uppercase to display uppercase letters; 16 // use std::hex to display hexadecimal values 17 cout << uppercase << 4.345e10 << endl << hex << 123456789 18 << endl; 19 20 return 0; 21 22 } // end main


Slide53: Printing uppercase letters in scientific notation exponents and hexadecimal values: 4.345E+010 75BCD15


Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha): Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) Data type bool Values true or false Outputs 0 (false) or 1 (true) when used with << Displayed as integers Stream manipulator boolalpha Display strings "true" and "false" Reset with noboolalpha


Slide55: 1 // Fig. 12.20: fig12_20.cpp 2 // Demonstrating stream-manipulators boolalpha and noboolalpha. 3 #include 4 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::endl; 7 using std::cin; 8 using std::boolalpha; 9 using std::noboolalpha; 10 11 int main() 12 { 13 bool booleanValue = true; 14 15 // display default true booleanValue 16 cout << "booleanValue is " << booleanValue << endl; 17 18 // display booleanValue after using boolalpha 19 cout << "booleanValue (after using boolalpha) is " 20 << boolalpha << booleanValue << endl << endl; 21 22 cout << "switch booleanValue and use noboolalpha" << endl; 23 booleanValue = false; // change booleanValue 24 cout << noboolalpha << endl; // use noboolalpha 25


Slide56: 26 // display default false booleanValue after using noboolalpha 27 cout << "booleanValue is " << booleanValue << endl; 28 29 // display booleanValue after using boolalpha again 30 cout << "booleanValue (after using boolalpha) is " 31 << boolalpha << booleanValue << endl; 32 33 return 0; 34 35 } // end main booleanValue is 1 booleanValue (after using boolalpha) is true   switch booleanValue and use noboolalpha   booleanValue is 0 booleanValue (after using boolalpha) is false