2 to 4 hour OSHA Alliance DfCS

Design for Construction Safety (DfCS)2 to 4 Hour Course : 

Design for Construction Safety (DfCS) 2 to 4 Hour Course

What Is Designing For Construction Safety? : 

What Is Designing For Construction Safety? The process of addressing construction site safety and health, and planning for future maintenance in the design phase of a project.

Why is DfCS Necessary?: 

Why is DfCS Necessary? Currently there are no requirements for construction safety in building codes IBC Chapter 33 Safeguards During Construction-Pedestrian Safety

OSHA 1926-Engineering Controls: 

OSHA 1926-Engineering Controls 1926.452 Scaffolds 1926.502 Fall Protection Anchorages 1926.552 Hoists 1926.652 Excavations 1926.703 Shoring 1926.705 Lift Slabs

DfCS Process1-It’s a Team Concept: 

DfCS Process1-It’s a Team Concept 1 Gambatese

Construction Accidents In U.S.1: 

Construction Accidents In U.S.1 Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,200 deaths each year 7% of workforce but 21% of fatalities Construction has the most fatalities of any industry sector 1 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005

Construction Accidents In U.S.1: 

Construction Accidents In U.S.1 1 Photos courtesy of New York Times

Most Frequently Cited / Highest Penalty OSHA Violations In Construction1: 

Most Frequently Cited / Highest Penalty OSHA Violations In Construction1 Scaffolding 29 CFR 1926.451 Fall Protection 29 CFR 1926.501 Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053 Excavations 29 CFR 1926.651 Aerial Lifts 29 CFR 1926.453 1Most Frequently Cited Standards 2005 www.osha.gov

Construction Fatalities By Occupation1: 

Construction Fatalities By Occupation1 Total fatalities 1,234 Construction laborers 283 Carpenters 107 Construction Managers 95 Roofers 94 First-line supervisors 93 Electricians 70 Painters/paper hangers 57 Truck drivers 56 1 BLS, 2004

Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most Payoff1: 

Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most Payoff1 Conceptual Design Detailed Engineering Procurement Construction Start-up High Low Ability to Influence Safety Project Schedule 1 Szymberski 1987

Design Can Influence Construction Safety1,2: 

Design Can Influence Construction Safety1,2 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA and CA linked to design 42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 linked to design In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted from decisions made before site work began 1 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

DfCS Examples: Roofs: 

DfCS Examples: Roofs Skylights Upper story windows and roof parapets

Course Objectives: 

Course Objectives To provide design and construction professionals with skills to identify construction safety hazards To provide design and construction professionals with skills to eliminate or reduce the risk of a serious injury in the design phase

Course Objectives: 

Course Objectives Safety Engineering-skills to recognize hazards and uncover “hidden” hazards Design features to eliminate or reduce the risk of an injury due to a hazard OSHA resources for DfCS

Crash Course in Safety Engineering: 

Crash Course in Safety Engineering Safety Engineering is a specialty within the engineering field that deals with the identification and elimination of hazards. Safety Engineering cuts across all engineering disciplines: Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, as well as many branches of science.

What is a Hazard?: 

What is a Hazard? A HAZARD is the potential to do harm or damage RISK is a measure of the probability of a hazard-related incident occurring and the severity of harm or damage

Recognized Hazards: 

Recognized Hazards Gravity-Falls from elevation Falling objects Slopes-Upset Rollover Unstable surfaces Water- Drowning

Recognized Hazards: 

Recognized Hazards Walking/working surfaces- tripping, slipping Mechanical hazards- Rotation, reciprocation, shearing, vibration, pinch points, hydraulics, pneumatics, entanglement

Recognized Hazards: 

Recognized Hazards Stored energy- springs, pneumatics hydraulics, capacitors Electrical-electrostatic, current, voltage, sparks, arcs Chemical-corrosive, combustion, toxic

Recognized Hazards: 

Recognized Hazards Biological-allergens, carcinogens Radiant Energy-sound, nuclear, X-rays, light, lasers

Recognized Hazards-SourcesANSI Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources ANSI Standards ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting ANSI Z117.1 Safety Requirements for Confined Spaces ANSI D6.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ANSI 10.8 Safety Requirements for Scaffolding ANSI 14.2 Safety Requirements for Portable Ladders

Recognized Hazards-SourcesANSI Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources ANSI Standards ANSI Z93.1 Fire Hazards in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres ANSI A14.4 Job Made Wooden Ladders ANSI A10.6-Safety Requirements for Demolition Operations ANSI A1264.1-Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs & Railing Systems

Recognized Hazards-SourcesANSI Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources ANSI Standards ANSI A10.13 Safety Requirements for Steel erection ANSI A145.1 Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork ANSI Z244.1 Lockout/Tagout of Energy Sources

Recognized Hazards-SourcesASTM Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources ASTM Standards ASTM F802 Guide for Selection of Certain Walkway Surfaces When Considering Footwear Traffic ASTM 04.09 Wood Construction ASTM D4532 Respirable Dust in Workplace Atmospheres ASTM STP 1150 Fire Hazard and Fire Risk Assessment

Recognized Hazards-SourcesASTM Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources ASTM Standards ASTM O 4.07 Building Seals and Sealants

Recognized Hazards-SourcesNFPA Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources NFPA Standards NFPA Volume 13, 53M Fire Hazards in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres NFPA 654 Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions in the Chemical, Dye, Pharmaceutical, and Plastics Industries NFPA 241 Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations

Recognized Hazards-SourcesNFPA Standards: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources NFPA Standards NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids NFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases & Volatile Solids

Recognized Hazards-SourcesGovernment Regulations: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources Government Regulations OSHA 1926.550 Cranes and derricks OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Material for Material Handling OSHA 1926.452 Scaffolds OSHA 1926.800 Underground Construction OSHA 1926.52 Occupational Noise Exposure

Recognized Hazards-SourcesGovernment Regulations: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources Government Regulations OSHA 1918.95 Longshoring Operations in the Vicinity of Repair and Maintenance Work OSHA 1926.1050-1053 Stairways and Ladders OSHA 1926.650 Excavations Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations

Recognized Hazards-SourcesOther Sources: 

Recognized Hazards-Sources Other Sources National Safety Council MSHA SAE NIOSH US Army Corps of Engineers ACI

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesFall Hazards 6 Feet or More1: 

Recognized Hazards-Examples Fall Hazards 6 Feet or More1 1Photos courtesy of Washington Group International Unprotected edges

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesConfined Space: 

Recognized Hazards-Examples Confined Space

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesPower Lines: 

Recognized Hazards-Examples Power Lines Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines. Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines. Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines and/or better informed the employer of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.

Hidden Hazards-Examples: 

Hidden Hazards-Examples Underground utilities Electrical wire buried in a wall Asbestos Rot/Decay of structural members Gas lines Any hazard uncovered during project execution

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis: 

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis A “What If” analysis is a structured brainstorming methods of uncovering hidden hazards Select the boundaries of the review and assemble an experienced team Gather information-video tapes of operation, design documents, maintenance procedures, etc.

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis“What If” Situation Questions: 

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis “What If” Situation Questions Failure to follow procedures Procedures are followed, but are incorrect Equipment failure Utility failure Weather Operator not trained

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis Example: 

Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis Example Highway Construction Project- What if workers have to access drains? Are drains a possible confined space? What about the power lines? Will equipment be operating near power lines? What about worker/public injury from traffic accidents? Do trucks have enough turning space? Is there signage/barriers to re-direct pedestrians? Will construction vehicles have enough shoulder space to stop on road What if worker attempts to manually pick up drain covers? Are they lightweight? Do they have handles?

Hidden Hazards-Other Methods: 

Hidden Hazards-Other Methods Fault Tree Analysis Design Check Lists Plan review, if your gut feeling tells you that something is unsafe, it probably is. Read case studies on construction accidents “Fatal Facts”

Fatal Facts: 

Fatal Facts

Fatal Facts: 

Fatal Facts

Fatal Facts: 

Fatal Facts

Fatal Facts: 

Fatal Facts

Fatal Facts: 

Fatal Facts

Design for Safety (DFS): 

Design for Safety (DFS) Identify the hazard(s) Assess the Risk Propose design features to eliminate the risk or reduce it to an acceptable level

DFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Injury Severity: 

DFS- Risk Assessment Estimate Injury Severity Severe-Death or serious debilitating long-term injury such as amputation or coma Serious-Permanent or nonreversible injury that severely impact enjoyment of life and may require continued treatment

DFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Injury Severity: 

DFS- Risk Assessment Estimate Injury Severity Moderate-Permanent or reversible minor injury that does not significantly impact enjoyment of life, but requires medical treatment. Slight-Reversible injury requiring simple medical treatment with no confinement

DFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Probability of Hazardous Event: 

DFS- Risk Assessment Estimate Probability of Hazardous Event High- Very likely to occur, protective measures are nearly worthless Medium-Occurrence is likely. The frequency of control measures is significant or control measures are inadequate

DFS- Risk AssessmentEstimate Probability of Hazardous Event: 

DFS- Risk Assessment Estimate Probability of Hazardous Event Moderate-Occurrence is possible, but not likely Low- Occurrence is so unlikely as to be considered nearly zero

DFS-Risk Assessment Matrix: 

DFS-Risk Assessment Matrix Severity Probability Severe Serious Moderate Slight High High High Medium Low Medium High Medium Low Low Moderate Medium Low Low Negligible Low Low Low Negligible Negligible

Other Forms of Hazard Identification/Prevention Matrix1: 

Other Forms of Hazard Identification/Prevention Matrix1 1Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.

DFS-Design Hierarchy: 

DFS-Design Hierarchy First-Design out the hazard Second-Provide safety devices Third-Provide warning devices Fourth- Implement operating procedures and training programs Fifth-Use personal protective equipment

Slide52: 

End Of Crash Course In Safety Engineering

Typical Construction Project Arrangement: 

Typical Construction Project Arrangement Project owner separately contracts with a Architect/Engineer and either with a general contractor or a construction manager Above entities may subcontract out some or all of the work to specialty trade contractors Project owners occasionally contract with a design-build firm to perform both design and construction

Root Causes for Construction Accidents1: 

Root Causes for Construction Accidents1 Inadequate construction planning Lack of proper training Deficient enforcement of training Unsafe equipment Unsafe methods or sequencing Unsafe site conditions Not using safety equipment that was provided 1 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002

Potential Areas of Concern in Construction Safety: 

Potential Areas of Concern in Construction Safety Falls Hazardous materials Fire Protection Electrical Scaffolding Floor and wall openings, stairways, ladders

Potential Areas of Concern in Construction Safety: 

Potential Areas of Concern in Construction Safety Cranes, derricks, hoists Material handling and storage Excavating and trenching Confined Space Work Zone

Potential Areas of Concern in Construction Safety: 

Potential Areas of Concern in Construction Safety Trade specific Steel workers Electrical HVAC Plumbing Excavators Concrete

Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS) – What is it?: 

Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS) – What is it? An extension of DfS to cover construction projects Recognizes construction site safety as a design criterion The process of addressing construction site safety and health in the design of a project

Designing for Construction Safety Process1: 

Designing for Construction Safety Process1 1Gambatese Planning Preliminary design/ Schematics Design Construction Operation and Maintenance Planning Review Prelim. Design Review 30% Review 90% Review 60% Review

DfCS Examples: Prefabrication: 

DfCS Examples: Prefabrication Steel stairs Concrete Wall Panels Concrete Segmented Bridge

DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points: 

DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points

DfCS Examples: Residential Fall Protection: 

DfCS Examples: Residential Fall Protection

DfCS Examples: Roofs: 

DfCS Examples: Roofs Skylights Upper story windows and roof parapets

DfCS Examples: Steel Design: 

DfCS Examples: Steel Design Avoid hanging connections; design to bear on columns instead using safety seats Require holes in columns for tie lines 21” and 42” above each floor slab Specify shop welded connections instead of bolts or field welds to avoid dangerous positions during erection Consider approximate dimensions of connection tools to prevent pinches or awkward assemblies National Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel Erectors Association of America. Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. 2001

Other DfCS Design Examples: 

Other DfCS Design Examples Design underground utilities to be placed using trenchless technology1 Specify primers, sealers and other coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or contain carcinogenic products2 Design cable type lifeline system for storage towers3 1 Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005 2 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005 3 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005

CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR PUMPS: 

CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR PUMPS

Case Study #1-circulator Pumps: 

Case Study #1-circulator Pumps Replacing circulator pumps requires a ladder, pumps are located in a tight space. Maintenance worker could fall off ladder, drop pump, or suffer hand injury from hitting adjacent piping

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps: 

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps Design review questions- Is there enough room to replace the pumps? How high off the ground are the pumps? What if a maintenance worker has to shut off a valve an emergency?

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps: 

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps Identify Hazard- Fall and mechanical

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps: 

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps Assess Risk- severity- slight (knuckles) to serious (head injury) probability-medium (likely) risk- low to medium Additional consideration- solution is simple and inexpensive

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps: 

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps DfCS solution: design pumps close to ground level so that a ladder is not required, provide adequate space around pumps, provide a metal identification tag for each valve and provide a permanent identification board in the mechanical room that identifies each valve and it’s purpose.

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps: 

Case Study #1-Circulator Pumps

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic: 

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic HVAC System installed in the attic of a commercial office building No floor or platform/walkways were designed or installed HVAC technicians had to walk on joists/trusses

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic: 

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic: 

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic Design review questions What will workers stand on when installing HVAC system? Will regular maintenance be required? What will the maintenance workers stand on? What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic: 

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic Identify hazard FALL

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic: 

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic Assess Risk- severity- serious (knee) to severe (death) probability-medium (likely) risk- medium to high

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic: 

Case Study #2-Installation\Maintenance Of HVAC System in Attic DfCS solution: design permanent platforms and walkways with guardrails

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1: 

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1 Plant utility worker was fatally injured while performing clean-up duties at a raw coal reclaim area Victim either fell through a 56” x 80” opening in a platform or entered through a coal feeder opening 1Case study courtesy of Washington Group International

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1: 

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1 Design review questions- Will workers need to have access to conveyors? Are covers and/or guardrails provided for all openings near or over conveyors? Are covers and/or guardrail gates interlocked?

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1: 

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1: 

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1 Identify hazard Mechanical

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1: 

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1 Assess Risk- severity- severe (death) probability-medium to high risk- high

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1: 

Case Study #3-Raw Coal Reclaim Facility1 DfCS solution: design covers and/or guardrails over conveyor belts and opening to conveyor belts. Design interlocks for covers and gates.

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1 : 

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1 A construction worker penetrated an embedded electrical conduit containing an energized 120-volt line while hand drilling into a concrete bean to install pipe hanger inserts. The conduit was 1 inch from the surface. 1 Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1: 

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1 Design review questions How will the worker install the pipe hangers? Are there any electrical lines in the concrete beam? Are there any pipe hangers that will be near an electrical line?

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1: 

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1 Assess Risk- severity- severe (death) probability- moderate to medium risk- medium to high

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1: 

Case Study #4-Blind Penetration Into Concrete1 DfCS Solution: Design embedded electrical lines deeper than the maximum depth of the pipe hanger bolts, clearly mark locations of electrical lines on contract drawings

Summary / Closing: 

Summary / Closing Introduce the DfCS Process Basic Safety Engineering Design Features Case Studies to Illustrate Process

Summary/Closing: 

Summary/Closing Designers Can Have A Positive Impact On Reducing Construction Accidents

DfCS Tools/Resources: 

DfCS Tools/Resources Construction Industry Institute database www.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr101_11_more.cfm United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive designer guides www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htm CHAIR www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/SafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm OSHA Website www.osha.gov

DfCS Tools/Resources: 

DfCS Tools/Resources Inherently Safer Design Principles for Construction, The Hazard Information Foundation, Inc. besafe@hazardinfo.com

DfCS Tools/Resources: 

DfCS Tools/Resources