history of Space Program

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The History of Space Flight

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900 – Chinese Fire Rocket They sounded more like fireworks than rockets but the Chinese used rockets in battle.

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1780 – Tipu Sultan Tipu’s rocket weighed just about two kilograms. The metal cylinder was about 25cm long and contained a charge of one kilogram gunpowder. All it had was a 10 foot long bamboo stick as the guider or a sword which doubled up as both a guider and a warhead. After lighting, it could be hurled into the air or skimmed along hard ground, with a range of 1 to 2 km. It could cut through the cavalry and create panic among the elephants and men, particularly when a large number of them were fired in rapid succession.

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1810 – William Congreve Rockets Sir William Congreve developed a rocket that could fire to about 9,000 feet. The British fired. Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the "rocket's red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets against the United States.

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1930s – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Self-taught in mathematics, astronomy, and physics, he proceeded to develop the basic theory of rocket propulsion

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Robert Goddard – 1920s-1940s The father of modern rocket propulsion was the American scientist, Doctor Robert Hutchings Goddard.

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V2 Rocket – 1940s The V-2 was an unmanned, guided, ballistic missile.

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Sputnik History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path

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Vanguard Vanguard I, the world's longest orbiting man-made satellite, built by the Naval Research Laboratory and launched at Cape Canaveral, Florida, in 1958, will mark its 45th year in space on March 17. In the years following Vanguard's launch, the small satellite has made more than 178,061 revolutions of the Earth.

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Explorer 1 Explorer 1 became America's first satellite on January 31, 1958

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Vostok The first series of manned Russian spacecraft. Six Vostok ("East") missions, from 1961 through 1963, carried cosmonauts on successively longer flights, and each set a new first in spaceflight history. Vostok 1 was the first manned spacecraft to complete a full orbit, Vostok 2 the first to spend a full day in space. Vostoks 3 and 4 comprised the first two-spacecraft mission. Vostok 5 was the first long-duration mission, and Vostok 6 the first to carry a woman.

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Mercury This was the situation on May 5, 1961, when astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr. stepped into his Freedom 7 capsule and became the first American to go into outer space. Freedom 7 was the first flight of Project Mercury, America's premiere space program.

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Gemini Project Gemini was a transitional step between the pioneering Mercury Program  and the actual landing a man on the moon. Its success was critical to achieving the goal of reaching the Moon and was not without its problems and difficulties. The main objectives of the ten Gemini missions spanning a period of 20 months from 1965 to 1966, were to learn how to "fly" a spacecraft by 1) maneuvering it in orbit and by 2) rendezvousing and docking with other vehicles, which were essential skills for the later Apollo missions . One of these missions, Gemini VIII , nearly killed the man who would go on to be the first person to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong.

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Soyuz The Soviet Soyuz spacecraft is launched by the Soyuz rocket. It is the most frequently used and the most reliable launch vehicle in the world. Currently, the Soyuz spacecraft family is still in service. Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts  to and from Salyut  and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station.

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Apollo Command and Service Modules The Command/Service Module (CSM) was one of two spacecraft that were utilized for the United States Apollo program, along with the Lunar Module, to land astronauts on the Moon. The spacecraft consisted of two segments: the Command Module, a (reentry capsule) which housed the crew and the equipment needed for re-entry and splashdown, and a Service Module that provided propulsion, electrical power and storage for various consumables required during a mission. The service module would be cast off and allowed to burn up in the atmosphere before the command module re-entered and brought the crew home.

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Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was the landing portion of the Apollo spacecraft built to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back. Six such craft successfully landed on the Moon between 1969–1972

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Saturn V

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Apollo Apollo was a three-part spacecraft: the command module (CM), the crew's quarters and flight control section; the service module (SM) for the propulsion and spacecraft support systems (when together, the two modules are calledCSM); and the lunar module (LM), to take two of the crew to the lunar surface, support them on the Moon, and return them to the CSM in lunar orbit.

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Apollo Landing Sites

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Apollo-Soyuz Apollo Soyuz was the first international manned spaceflight. It was designed to test the compatibility of rendezvous and docking systems for American and Soviet spacecraft, to open the way for international space rescue as well as future joint manned flights. Astronaut Gibson Shakes Hands with Cosmonaut Dezhurov

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Skylab Skylab program objectives were twofold: To prove that humans could live and work in space for extended periods, and to expand our knowledge of solar astronomy well beyond Earth-based observations. America's first experimental space station, Skylab, was designed for long durations. Showering in the Skylab.

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Mir Designed as a modular system, Mir (meaning "peace") consists of six different spacecraft modules mated together in orbit. The core vehicle, launched in 1986, is the backbone of the station and contains the basic living/working quarters and station control facilities.

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Shuttle The Space Shuttle is an American  spacecraft  operated by NASA for orbital hum an spaceflight missions. The Space Shuttle was designed to be reused.

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International Space Station The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed satellite currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. Primarily a research laboratory, the ISS offers an advantage over spacecraft such as NASA's Space Shuttle because it is a long-term platform in the space environment, where extended studies are conducted.