TGchapter1 Concepts

Slide1: 

THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Chapter 1 – Transportation and Geography CONCEPTS Copyright © 1999-2007, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA. Jean-paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted. For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans

Concept 1: 

Concept 1 What is Transport Geography?

The Transport Geography Perspective: 

The Transport Geography Perspective Locations (Nodes) Interactions (Flows) Infrastructures

Transportation as a Derived Demand: 

Transportation as a Derived Demand Working Activity Vacationing Derived Demand Manufacturing Commuting Taxi Air travel Touring bus Trucks Containership Direct Energy Indirect Warehousing

Different Representations of Distance: 

Different Representations of Distance Euclidean Distance A B A B A B Transshipment Pickup Delivery Mode 1 Mode 2 Transshipment Pickup Delivery Mode 1 Mode 2 Order Inventory Management Unpacking Order Processing Packing Scheduling Sorting Warehousing Transport Distance Logistical Distance

The Spatial Consideration of a Movement: 

The Spatial Consideration of a Movement A B Walking Cycling Driving D(W) D(C) D(D) Friction of Distance Movement Distance (D) Time

Transportation and the Mobility of Passengers and Freight: 

Transportation and the Mobility of Passengers and Freight Share of total passengers or tons-km Distance Passengers Commuting Shopping Recreation Business Tourism Migration Waste disposal Local distribution Trade Energy & Raw Materials Commodity Chains Freight

Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight Transportation: 

Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight Transportation

Spatial Flows: 

European Power C C C a b c d City Port Trade Hinterland Hierarchical Spatial Flows

Vehicle Use Indicators, World, 1950-2004: 

Vehicle Use Indicators, World, 1950-2004

Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Cars in the United States, 1960-2004: 

Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Cars in the United States, 1960-2004

Transport and Communication Costs Indexes, 1920-1990: 

Transport and Communication Costs Indexes, 1920-1990

Two Common Fallacies in Transport Geography: 

Two Common Fallacies in Transport Geography Access vs. Accessibility Distance vs. Time a b c 10 3 3 5 5 4 3 7 2 5 8 6 7 6 4 7 6 3 3 4 6

World Land Transportation Network Length and Density, 2002: 

World Land Transportation Network Length and Density, 2002

Fields of Transport Geography: 

Transport networks Transport demand Transport nodes Information systems Field methods Population geography Political Geography Regional planning Economic geography Historical geography Regional geography Regional economics Location theory Natural resources Resource planning Environmental studies Spatial optimization Urban geography Land use Spatial statistics, modeling Cartography Operations research World geography ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE ECONOMICS HISTORY MATHEMATICS, COMPUTER SCIENCE PLANNING NATURAL SCIENCES ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY Fields at the core of transport geography Fields related to transport geography Transport geography Fields of Transport Geography

The Transport System: 

The Transport System Nodes Networks Demand Locations Terminals Flows Friction People Freight Information Origins Destinations Intermediacy Linkages

Dimensions of Transport Geography: 

SPACE Environment Engineering Technology Planning Policy History Sociology Demography Economics Mathematics Computer science Dimensions of Transport Geography

Common Problems for Transport Systems: 

Common Problems for Transport Systems Capacity Terminal Route Bottleneck Transfer Reliability Integration Hub / Gateway

Concept 2: 

Concept 2 Transportation and Space

The Terrestrial Space: 

The Terrestrial Space

Absolute and Relative Barriers: 

Absolute and Relative Barriers A B Absolute Barrier A B Relative Barrier Friction Low High Detour Modal Change

The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation: 

The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation P A I P M Panama Magellan Good Hope Suez Gibraltar Malacca Sunda Northwest

Polar Shipping Routes: 

Polar Shipping Routes

Great Circle Distance between New York, Moscow and Tokyo: 

Great Circle Distance between New York, Moscow and Tokyo

Global Wind Patterns: 

Global Wind Patterns Principle Warm (Equator) Cold (Pole) Cold (Pole) Hadley Cell Intertropical Convergence Zone Horse Latitudes Ferrel Cell Polar Cell Polar Front TRADE WINDS WESTERLIES Global Structure

Seasonal Variation of Global Wind Patterns: 

Seasonal Variation of Global Wind Patterns January July

The Spatial Structure and Transportation: 

The Spatial Structure and Transportation Location Distance Fixedness Attributes Relativity Dynamism

Transportation Networks and Geographical Specialization: 

Transportation Networks and Geographical Specialization

Transportation Networks and Geographical Segregation: 

Transportation Networks and Geographical Segregation

Transport as a Centralizing and Decentralizing Force (under construction): 

Transport as a Centralizing and Decentralizing Force (under construction)

Space / Time Convergence: 

Space / Time Convergence Travel Time (A – B) Time T1 (1950) T2 (2000) T TT A B 6.2 hours A B 2.6 hours

Regional Space / Time Convergence (in minutes): 

Regional Space / Time Convergence (in minutes)

Mail Delivery Times between New York and San Francisco, 1840-2000: 

Mail Delivery Times between New York and San Francisco, 1840-2000

Cumulative Distribution of per Capita Trip Rate for all Modes by Trip Distance, 1995: 

Cumulative Distribution of per Capita Trip Rate for all Modes by Trip Distance, 1995

Space / Time Convergence of the World Transport System: 

1500-1840 Average speed of wagon and sail ships: 16 km/hr 1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr. Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr 1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr 1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr 1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous Space / Time Convergence of the World Transport System

Concept 3: 

Concept 3 Historical Evolution of Transportation

The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th Centuries): 

The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th Centuries)

Roman Road Network, 200 AD: 

Roman Road Network, 200 AD 500 km Atlantic Ocean Red Sea Black Sea Adriatic Sea Mediterranean Ocean

Grand Canal System: 

Grand Canal System Hangzhou Suzhou Yangzhou Chuzhou Jizhou Kaifeng Luoyang Beijing Huaiyin Bian Canal (Song) Tongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou Canal (Yuan) Yangzhou Canal (Song and Yuan) Jiangnan Canal (Sui, Song and Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui and Yuan) Tonghui Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui) Jiao-Lai Canal (Yuan) 400 km Old course of the Yellow River (Song) Yellow Sea East China Sea

Early European Maritime Expeditions, 1492-1522: 

Early European Maritime Expeditions, 1492-1522

The Eastern and Western Maritime Routes to Asia: 

The Eastern and Western Maritime Routes to Asia

Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century: 

Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century North Atlantic Ocean North America Africa Europe South America West Indies Dominant wind Trade Route Slaves, Gold, Pepper Sugar, Molasses, Fruits Tobacco, Furs, Indigo, Lumber 1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves 2) Flour, Meat, Lumber Manufactures 1 2

Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century: 

Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century

Major Canals Built: 

Major Canals Built

Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s: 

Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s

Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals: 

Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals

Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles): 

Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles)

Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960: 

Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960

Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913: 

Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913

Share of the Population in Agriculture, Early Industrial Countries, 1820-1910: 

Share of the Population in Agriculture, Early Industrial Countries, 1820-1910

Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker: 

1942 1975 Modern VLCC (305 m) T2 Tanker (153 m) Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker

Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2006: 

Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2006

Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2005 (in millions): 

Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2005 (in millions)

Global Motor Vehicle Production per Manufacturer, 1996-2004: 

Global Motor Vehicle Production per Manufacturer, 1996-2004

Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-2006 (in millions): 

Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-2006 (in millions)

Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000: 

1800 1900 1950 2000 Maritime Road Rail Air Docks Locks Rails Omnibus Steam engine Electric motor Balloons Dirigibles Iron hulls Internal combustion engine Metro Tramway Automobile Liners Bicycles Planes Trucks Buses Electric car Hydrogen car Airfoils Super tankers TGV Maglev Jet engine Jet Plane Container ships Helicopters Bulk ships Highways Jumbo Jet Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000

Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century: 

Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century Canals Rail Roads Air Maglev 1836 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 1891 1946 2001 Δt= 30 years Δt= 55 years Δt= 65 years Δt= 70 years 1825 1869 1913 1969 1836 1825 Paradigm shift Peak year

Development of the UK Transport System, 1750-1990: 

Development of the UK Transport System, 1750-1990

Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2000 (km per hour): 

Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2000 (km per hour) 100 500 1000 1800 1900 2000 1850 1950 50 250 750 Stage Coach Rail Automobile HST Propeller Plane Jet Plane Liner Clipper Ship Containership Road Maritime Rail Air

Operational Speed of Contemporary Transport Modes: 

Operational Speed of Contemporary Transport Modes

US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2005: 

US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2005

Potential of Some Transport Innovations: 

Potential of Some Transport Innovations

Phases of Development of the World Economy: 

Phases of Development of the World Economy