Unit 2: Unit 2 Multimedia Graphics Design


Introduction to Multimedia: Introduction to Multimedia Text


What is TEXT?: What is TEXT? Basic media for many multimedia systems. Texts in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs is used to communicate thoughts, ideas and facts in nearly every aspect of our lives.


What is TEXT?: What is TEXT? Multimedia products depends on text for many things: to explain how the application work. to guide the user in navigating through the application. deliver the information for which the application was designed.


What is TEXT?: What is TEXT? Minimize the texts in multimedia application Texts consists of two structures: Linear Non-Linear


What is TEXT?: What is TEXT? Linear A single way to progress through the text, starting at the beginning and reading to the end.


What is TEXT?: What is TEXT? Non-Linear Information is represented in a semantic network in which multiple related sections of the text are connected to each other A user may then browse through the sections of the text, jumping from one text section to another. Kancil Page Crocodile Case Page Belt Case Page Hungry Monkey Page


Why Text is Important in MM?: Why Text is Important in MM? Factors affecting legibility of text: Size. The size of the text Background and foreground color The color in which the text is written in / on. Style Also known as typeface and font Leading refers to the amount of added space between lines of type. Originally, when type was set by hand for printing presses, printers placed slugs—strips of lead of various thicknesses—between lines of type to add space.


Why Text is Important in MM?: Why Text is Important in MM? Factors affecting legibility of text: Background and foreground color (BG – Light colored, FG – Dark) Size. Style Leading


Text Technology: Text Technology Based on creating letters, numbers and special characters. Text elements can be categories into: Alphabet characters : A – Z Numbers : 0 – 9 Special characters : Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …] , Sign or Symbols [* & ^ % $ £ ! /\ ~ # @ .…] Also known Character Sets


Text Technology: Text Technology May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical symbols, Greek Letter etc.


Font VS Typefaces: Font VS Typefaces Is there a difference? How do we differentiate one with the other?


Font: Font A ‘font’ is a collection of characters of a particular size and style belonging to a particular typeface family. Usually vary by type sizes and styles. The sizes are measured in points This includes the letter set, the number set, and all of the special character and diacritical marks you get by pressing the shift, option, or command/control keys. Arial Fonts


Typeface: Typeface A ‘typeface’ is a family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and styles. A typeface contains a series of fonts. For instance, Arial, Arial Black Arial Narrow and Arial Unicode MS are actually 4 fonts under the same family. Arial Typefaces Family


Font and Faces: Font and Faces The study of fonts and typefaces includes the following: Font styles - boldface, italic, underline, outline Font sizes - point, kerning, leading Cases – uppercase, lowercase, intercap Serif versus Sans Serif


Font Effects: Font Effects A numbers of effects that are useful for bringing viewer’s attention to content: Case: UPPER and lower cased letter Bold, Italic, Underline, superscript or subscript Embossed or Shadow Colours b


Font Effects Example: Font Effects Example


Tracking, Kerning, Leading: Tracking, Kerning, Leading Ascender an upstroke on a character Descender the down stroke below the baseline of a character Leading spacing above and below a font or Line spacing Tracking spacing between characters Kerning space between pairs of characters, usually as an overlap for improvement appearance


Text Characteristic: Text Characteristic FD xhp This example shows the Times New Roman font


Tracking, Kerning, Leading: Tracking, Kerning, Leading Av Unkerned Kerned


Tracking, Kerning, Leading: Tracking, Kerning, Leading Reading Line One Reading Line Two Leading


Types of Fonts: Types of Fonts Two classes of fonts Serif Sans Serif


Serif Text: Serif Text Decorative strokes added to the end of a letter's Serifs improve readability by leading the eye along the line of type. Serifs are the best suited for body text. Serif faces are more difficult to read in small scale (smaller than 8pt) and in very large sizes.


San Serif Text: San Serif Text Sans serif faces doesn't have decorative strokes. A sans serif text has to be read letter by letter. Use sans serif faces for small (smaller than 8pt) and very large sizes. Used for footnotes and headlines


Serif vs Sans Serif Fonts: Serif vs Sans Serif Fonts For computer displays, Sans Serif fonts considered better because of the sharper contrast. San Serif Serif


Types of Fonts: Examples: Types of Fonts: Examples Examples of Serif fonts Examples of San Serif fonts


Using Text in Multimedia: Using Text in Multimedia The text elements used in multimedia are: Menus for navigation Interactive buttons Fields for reading HTML documents Symbols and icons


Using Text in Multimedia: Using Text in Multimedia Text applying guidelines: Be concise Use appropriate fonts Make it readable Consider type styles and colors Use restraint and be consistent


Font Editing and Design Tools : Font Editing and Design Tools Text creating software ResEdit Introduced by Apple Text to design text as a bitmap image.


Font Editing and Design Tools: Font Editing and Design Tools Text creating software: Fontographer Developed by Macromedia for Macintosh and Apple Use to edit the existing font Freehand drawing tools is used to design a font.


Text in Hypermedia: Text in Hypermedia


Hypertext: Hypertext


How Text Can Be Used Effectively: How Text Can Be Used Effectively Communicating Data Customer names and address Pricing information of products


How Text Can Be Used Effectively: How Text Can Be Used Effectively Explaining concepts and ideas A company mission statement A comparison of medical procedures


How Text Can Be Used Effectively: How Text Can Be Used Effectively Clarifying other media Labels on button, icons and screens Captions and callouts for graphics


Advantages & Disadvantages Using Text: Advantages & Disadvantages Using Text Advantages: Is relatively inexpensive to produce Present abstract ideas effectively Clarifies other media Provides confidentiality (password) Is easily changed or updated


Advantages & Disadvantages Using Text: Advantages & Disadvantages Using Text Disadvantages: Is less memorable than other visual media Requires more attention from the user than other media Can be cumbersome


Summary - Text: Summary - Text Multimedia applications and presentations invariably rely to some extent on the use of text to convey their message to users. Text has many characteristics that the developer can modify to enhance the user experience. size, weight, typeface, style, colour, kerning, tracking, etc. Just like any other media, it requires careful planning and creativity.


Graphics Overview: Graphics Overview Key feature/element in multimedia products Most of the time, using text only is not enough to convey a message to the user. Multimedia products need attractive graphical combination and presentation Developers must understand the purpose and significance of graphics that are going to be used in their projects Also important in information delivery.


Graphics Overview: Graphics Overview Graphics can be developed using several methods: Illustration software Graphic/image manipulation software Acquiring through scanning or camera transfer Graphic files can be stored in various file format – each format has different purposes


Elements of Graphic: Elements of Graphic To create a remarkable graphics, developer must understand graphics and its elements: Lines Shapes Space Texture Color


Lines: Lines A mark with length and directions Continuous mark made on some surface by a moving point Types of line include: vertical, horizontal, diagonal, straight or ruled, curved, bent, angular, etc.


Shapes: Shapes Enclosed space defined and determined by other art elements such as line, color, value, and texture Can appear as 2 dimensional (2D) or 3 dimensional (3D)


Space: Space Refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within things can be described as two-dimensional or three-dimensional; as flat, shallow or as positive or negative space etc


Texture: Texture Surface quality or "feel" of an object, its smoothness, roughness, softness, etc Actual or Simulated


Texture: Texture Actual textures - can be felt with fingers Simulated textures - suggested by an artist in the painting of different areas of a picture


Color: Color Produced by light of various wavelengths - when light strikes an object and reflects back to the eyes


Color: Color An element of art with three properties: hue or tint (the color name) intensity (purity and strength of a color) value (the lightness or darkness of a color) Photographers measure color temperature in degrees Kelvin (K).


Graphics Image Development: Graphics Image Development Graphical images obviously play a very important role in multimedia products Images may be photograph-like bitmaps, vector-based drawings, or 3D renderings Access to the right tools and right hardware for image development is important! E.g., graphic designers like to have large, high-resolution monitors or multiple monitors


Graphics Image Development: Graphics Image Development Still images are generated in two ways: bitmaps (or raster-based) vector-drawn


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap Bitmap - a matrix describing the individual dots that are the smallest elements (pixels) of resolution on a computer screen or printer


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap Example


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap Monochrome just requires one bit per pixel, representing black or white BMP – 16 KB


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap 8 bits per pixel allows 256 distinct colors BMP – 119KB


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap 16 bits per pixel represents 32K distinct colors (Most graphic chipsets now supports the full 65536 colors and the color green uses the extra one bit) BMP – 234 KB


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap 24 bits per pixel allows millions of colors BMP – 350KB


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap More bits provide more color depth, hence more photo-realism, but require more memory and processing power Graphics production software may capture in 24-bit color and convert to 8-bit


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap GIF and PNG formats use a 8-bit color table allowing up to 256 color GIF – 74KB PNG – 63KB


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap JPG preserves more color depth with 16 bits per pixel JPG – 19KB


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap Bitmaps are best for photo-realistic images or complex drawings requiring fine detail


Generating still images: Bitmap: Generating still images: Bitmap Bitmaps picture and their suitability of use:- Use the native Microsoft bmp format as a raw image that will later be processed. It faster to process. Use JPEG, for photo sharing on the web because of its size and quality. GIF is normally used for diagrams, buttons, etc., that have a small number of colours It is also suitable for simple animation because it supports interlaced images. PNG is almost equal to gif except that it didn’t support the animation format.


How to Create Bitmap Graphics : How to Create Bitmap Graphics Clip Art Drawn Capture Scan


Generating still images: Vector-Drawn: Generating still images: Vector-Drawn Vector-drawn - created from geometric objects such as lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons using mathematical formulas e.g., RECT 0,0,200,300,RED,BLUE says “Draw a rectangle starting at 0,0 (upper left corner of screen) going 200 pixels horizontally right and 300 pixels downward, with a RED boundary and filled with BLUE.”


Generating still images: Vector: Generating still images: Vector


Generating still images: Vector: Generating still images: Vector The first popular vector-drawn images were for computer-aided design (CAD) Such as AutoCAD, for aiding engineers and artists in creating complex renderings Graphic artists designing for print media use vector-drawn objects because they put rectangles and Bezier curves on paper without jaggies, exploiting high resolution printers


Generating still images: Vector: Generating still images: Vector Macromedia Freehand, Corel Draw & Adobe Illustrator are vector-drawing applications Macromedia Flash puts vector-drawing on the Web with a plug-in


3D Object: 3D Object 3D graphics tools, such as Macromedia Extreme3D, or Form-Z, typically extend vector-drawn graphics in 3 dimensions (x, y and z)


3D Object: 3D Object A 3D scene consist of object that in turn contain many small elements, such as blocks, cylinders, spheres or cones (described in terms of vector graphics) The more elements, the finer the object’s resolution and smoothness.


3D Object: 3D Object Objects as a whole have properties such as shape, color, texture, shading & location. A 3D application lets you model an object’s shape, then render it completely.


3D Object: 3D Object Modeling involves drawing a shape, such as a 2D letter, then extruding it or lathing it into a third dimension. extruding : extending its shape along a defined path lathing : rotating a profile of the shape around a defined axis


Extrude and Lathe: Extrude and Lathe


3D Object: 3D Object Modeling also deals with lighting, setting a camera view to project shadows


3D Object: 3D Object Rendering : produces a final output of a scene and is more compute-intensive.


Colors: Colors The tools we use to describe color are different when the color is printed than from when it is projected. Projected color is additive. Printed color is subtractive.


Additive Color: Additive Color The additive reproduction process usually uses red, green and blue light to produce the other colors. No light (or color) is black. All light (all colors) is white.


Subtractive Color: Subtractive Color Subtractive color explains the theory of mixing paints, dyes, inks, and natural colorants to create colors which absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others.


Colors: Colors Color models: Different ways of representing information about color Example: RGB HSB CMYK


HSB Model: HSB Model Based on human perception of color, describe three fundamental properties of color: Hue Saturation (or chroma) Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of color, also measured as % * There is no HSB mode for creating or editing images


HSB Model: HSB Model Hue - color reflected from or transmitted through an object, measured on color wheel


HSB Model: HSB Model Saturation (or chroma) - strength or purity of color (% of grey in proportion to hue)


HSB Model: HSB Model Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of color, also measured as % 0% 50% 100%


RGB Model: RGB Model Add red, green and blue to create colors, so it is an additive model. Assigns an intensity value to each pixel ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white) A bright red color might have R 246, G 20, B 50


CMYK Model: CMYK Model Based on light-absorbing quality of ink printed on paper As light is absorbed, part of the spectrum is absorbed and part is reflected back to eyes Associated with printing; called a subtractive model Four channels: Cyan (C ), magenta (M), yellow (Y) and black (K) In theory, pure colors should produce black, but printing inks contain impurities, so this combination produces muddy brown K is needed to produce pure black, hence CMYK is four-color process printing


Color : Color Color Gamut Range of colors that a color system can display or print Different models have different gamut (RGB has the smallest gamut, approximately)


Color : Color Color Channel Photoshop shows information about color elements in different channels E.g., RGB has at least three channels; CMYK has at least four channels - at least, because Photoshop also permits “Alpha” channels for storing mask information A mask lets part of an image be transparent so that other layers show through


Graphic Files & Application Format: Graphic Files & Application Format Most popular formats: JPEG (Joint-Photographic Experts Group) GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) PNG (Portable Network Graphic) Other formats: BMP, PSD, TIFF/TIF, TGA, EPS, PCX, ICO


JPEG: JPEG For continuous tone images, such as full-color photographs Supports more than 16 millions of color (24-bit) Uses lossy compression (averaging may lose information)


GIF: GIF For large areas of the same color and a moderate level of detail. Supports up to 256 colors Allows transparency and interlacing Uses lossless compression


PNG: PNG lossless, portable, well-compressed storage of raster images patent-free replacement for GIF also replace many common uses of TIFF Support indexed-color, grayscale, and true color images + an optional alpha channel for transparency


Other Formats: Other Formats BMP – Bitmap File Format. Native bitmap file format of the Microsoft Windows environment. PSD – Photoshop Document. Native bitmap file format of the Adobe Photoshop graphical editing application. TIFF – Tagged Image File Format. Used to exchange documents between different applications and platforms.


Other Formats: Other Formats TGA – Targa File Format. An image format designed for systems using Truevision video boards supported by MS-DOS platforms. EPS – Encapsulated PostScript file format. Adobe drawing format supported by most illustration and page layout programs.


Other Formats: Other Formats PCX – ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush file format. One of the oldest bitmapped formats popularized by MS-DOS paint programs that first appeared in the early 1980's. ICO – Icon file format. Created by Microsoft for icons.


Information Delivery: Information Delivery Graphics are used to convey information in multimedia products. For example, a picture of an automobile engine is much more effective than text that merely describes it.


Information Delivery: Information Delivery Graphics for information delivery include: Drawn images Charts and graphs Maps Scenery People


Information Delivery: Information Delivery In each case, the image must be relevant to the overall product. Image size, color in respect to the application and other images, and positioning must all be considered when using images.


Information Delivery: Information Delivery


Information Delivery: Information Delivery


Information Delivery: Information Delivery


Summary-Graphics: Summary-Graphics The computer generates still images as bitmaps and vector-drawn images. Images can be incorporated in multimedia using clip arts, bitmap software, or by capturing, editing, or scanning images. Creating 3-D images involves modeling, extruding, lathing, shading, and rendering. Color is one of the most vital components of multimedia.